Comparative Analysis Of Microbial Load Of The Enugu Main Water Production And Water Available To Imt Campus Ii Hostel
The microbial load of water production and distribution systems is a critical aspect of public health and safety, encompassing various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa that can pose significant risks if not effectively managed. Factors influencing microbial contamination include the source water quality, treatment processes employed, distribution network integrity, and operational practices. Monitoring and controlling microbial levels require a comprehensive approach, incorporating methods such as regular testing, disinfection, filtration, and maintenance of infrastructure. Additionally, adherence to stringent regulatory standards and implementation of best management practices are essential to ensure the provision of safe and potable water to consumers, mitigating the potential for waterborne diseases and safeguarding public health.
Samples of water from the different hostels in campus II and other source of water production namely Ajali-owa water, from bore hole 9th mile and spring water from GRA water board were water collecterd and analysed using total plate count and multiple tube fermentaton techniques coliform. The results shows no coliforms in production water from Ajali-owa and in GRA spring water reservaiour and no coliform in 9th mile bore hole water, 14 organism and 149 cfu/ml plate counts were obtained from tap water in IMT campus II hostel 7 coliform and Tocful / ml plate count from well water and 28 coliform and 280 cfu/ml plate count from spillage waste water. These results obtained show that tap water consumed in IMT campus II did not meet with NAFDAC and WHO standards. Preventive measures such as proper treatment of these water should be encourage and all pipes in campus II should be checked for leakages
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
1.0 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Aims / objectives of the study
1.2 Statement of problems
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Scope of limitation
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
2.1 The major group of biological Pollutions of water
2.2 Source of water supply
2.3 Source of water pollution
2.4 Treatment of water sample
2.5 International standard for drinking water
2.6 Diseases from water
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials & methods
3.0 Materials
3.1 Media preparation
3.2 Collection of samples
3.3 Collection of samples
3.4 Methods of water analysis
3.5 Determination of PH
3.5.1 Determination of bacteria of the coliform
3.5.2 Culture techniques
3.5.3 Plate count technique
3.5.4 Presumption coliform (multiple tube fermebtation
3.5.4 Confirmatory test
3.5.5 Completed test
3.5.6 Test for indole
3.5.7 Methyl red test
3.5.8 Sugar test
3.5.9 Oxidase test
3.5.10 Catakase test
3.5.11 The slide cougulase test
3.5.12 Gram stain techniques
3.5.13 Detection of faecal stredtococci
3.5.14 Detection of escherichi coli test
3.5.15 Organism suspected after gram staining
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
CHAPTER SIX
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendation
References
Appendix
INTRODUCTION
Water is a liquid mineral. It consist of two atoms of hydrogen combined with one atom of oxygen. Water is a tasteless, odourless and colourless mobile liquid except in large volume where it appears blue. It has a melting point of OoC (320f) and a boiling point of 1000C (2120f). water is a basic necessity of life, in the absence higher animals survive only but a few hours or days. It has several uses such as washing cooking, food processing ,swimming, and among others. Out of these uses, drinking of water seems to be the most sensitive as it could have a direct deleterious impact on health of human beings.
Therefore, drinking water should be potable free diseases, or toxic substance (Beren 1991) .
Water is portable when it is colourless. Odourless, or tasteless and also free from poisonous, corroding, staining substances as well as disease casuiong oirganisms (Cruich 1972). The problem of providing safe and adequate water is as old as life on earth. Water can be made unifit or unsafe for drinking it contamination occurs either by nature or activities of human beings.
Perhaps the greatest danger associated with drinking water is contamination by human excrement (Forest 1979). In most cases, the pollution/contamination is hardly severe and is not particularly detrimental to health.
Thus a few substances and microbes that are health hazard do occur in water, and can cause illness or even death. From microbiological point of view, the pathogens most frequently transmitted through water supply ranges from ultrasmall virus to the microspic bacteria and relatively large cysts entemoeba instolytica. These organism cense infectrons of intestinal trach, when consumed censing amebic dysentery, and Gardia lamblia is a protozoa responsible for Giadiasis. Defective plumbing for example was the cause of out break during the world fair in Chicago 1933 (Garelick 1987) water borne disease cause acute diarrhoe, often last 2-3 months. The most common water borne disease can be by bacteria includes typhoid fever, paratyphoid. Asiatic cholera and bacteria dysentery.
Other disease that may be transmitted by water include brucellosis, shige /losis, these disease are consuming. Untreated water (Hetolett 1921) various countries of the world and the world Health organisation (WHO) has set up standards for water quality against which the level of pollution can be assessed. The world Health organization (WHO) National Agency for food and Drug Administration control (NAFDAC), standard for potable water include the following, that in 100ml of water coliform bacteria should be absent, total plate count of bacteria growth should be 100 CFU/ML of water. Hence the sanitary Quality of water should not be over looked since contaminated water can cause health hazards when consumed.
According to guideline for drinking water quality of WHO (1998)
1.1 AIMS / OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of this projects is to make comparative analysis of Enugu state water cooperation provide against supplies.
To identify contamination microbial advice on measures to control pollution of water bodies etc.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The treated water produced by Enugu state water co-operation could be contaminated by defective plumbing which cause the rush of water out of the pipe forming pull mixed with sewage matters. The pull eventually suck back through the burst pipe into the pipe line being distributed to various location and collected as drinking water.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
H.O: there is difference in the microbial load of water from Enugu state water operation at point of production against the load as the point of supply and consumption.
HI: There is statistical differences between the microbial load of water from the Enugu state water co-operation as the production point against the load as supply and consumption point.
1.4 SCOPE OF LIMITATION
The project is set to identify only microbial pollutants the method of microbial analysis is limited to the techniques and materials available in our laboratory as against high tech equipment which may be found else where.
The microbial load of water production refers to the presence and concentration of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, in water intended for human consumption or industrial use. Monitoring and controlling microbial load in water production processes are critical for ensuring the safety and quality of the water.
Here are some key points related to microbial load in water production:
- Water Sources: The microbial load in water production begins with the source of the water. Surface water from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs is more likely to contain microorganisms than groundwater, which is usually less contaminated. The microbial load can vary depending on the source’s proximity to human or animal activity.
- Treatment Processes: Water treatment plants use various processes to reduce microbial load. These typically include physical processes like sedimentation and filtration, chemical processes such as chlorination or UV disinfection, and sometimes biological processes like activated sludge treatment. These processes help remove or kill microorganisms present in the water.
- Regulatory Standards: Most countries have regulations and standards in place that dictate the acceptable microbial load in drinking water. These standards set limits on the concentration of specific microorganisms like E. coli or coliform bacteria.
- Monitoring and Testing: Water production facilities routinely monitor the microbial load through water quality testing. This involves taking samples of water at various stages of the treatment process and analyzing them for the presence of microorganisms. Testing can include both indicator organisms (like coliform bacteria) and specific pathogens of concern.
- Water Distribution: Maintaining a low microbial load is not only important during the treatment process but also throughout the distribution system. Microbial contamination can occur if there are breaches or cross-connections in the distribution pipes.
- Disinfection: Chlorination is a common method for disinfecting water and controlling microbial load in distribution systems. Other methods include ozonation, UV irradiation, and use of chlorine dioxide.
- Emerging Concerns: Some microorganisms, such as certain strains of bacteria or viruses, may be more resistant to traditional disinfection methods. As a result, there is ongoing research into more advanced treatment technologies to address emerging concerns.
- Water Quality Assurance: Ensuring a safe and consistent supply of clean water is crucial for public health. Water authorities and utilities must have robust quality assurance programs in place to continually monitor and improve water treatment processes.
- Public Health Impact: High microbial loads in drinking water can lead to waterborne diseases and outbreaks, posing significant public health risks. It’s essential to maintain strict controls on microbial contamination in water production to protect public health.
- Research and Innovation: Water treatment and monitoring technologies continue to advance. Research in the field focuses on improving treatment efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and addressing emerging contaminants to ensure the safety of our water supply.
In summary, managing the microbial load in water production is vital to provide safe and clean drinking water to the public. It involves a combination of source water protection, treatment processes, rigorous monitoring, and compliance with regulatory standards to ensure that the water is free from harmful microorganisms.