Design And Construction Of A Linear Timer For General Use
The design and construction of a linear timer for general use involve creating a versatile electronic device capable of accurately measuring and displaying time intervals in a linear fashion. Incorporating a combination of digital and analog components, the timer’s design aims for simplicity, reliability, and user-friendliness. Key components include a microcontroller for precise timing control, an LCD or LED display for clear time readouts, input controls such as buttons or a rotary encoder for setting time intervals, and an alarm system for notifying users when the set time elapses. The construction process involves circuit prototyping, PCB layout design, component soldering, and enclosure assembly to ensure durability and ease of use. This linear timer finds applications in various fields such as cooking, laboratory experiments, fitness training, and educational activities, providing accurate timing solutions for diverse user needs.
ABSTRACT
cIt uses low-cost components and combines digital precision with simple analogue control. This provides long timing durations without the use of high-valued resistors or capacitors.
The circuit is built around CD4040, LM358, CD4069 and NE555. The working of the timer is quite simple, based on digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC). The counter (CD4040) runs the DAC (formed by R-2R ladder resistors R2-R23 and following operational amplifier IC3 (N1 and N2)). The second op-amp (N2) compares the DAC output with a variable voltage set by VR1 according to the time requirement. The larger the voltage set, the longer the time duration and higher the count, larger the DAC output voltage and vice versa.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.7 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
1.8 PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
2.2 REVIEW OF RELATED TERMS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.2 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.5 CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.6 IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED IN THIS CIRCUIT
3.7 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 TESTING
4.4.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING
4.4.2 POST-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING
4.5 RESULT
4.6 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 REFERENCES
A linear timer circuit
Circuit operation
As soon as the count of the counter becomes large enough to produce slightly larger voltage than the voltage set by potentiometer VR1, the second op-amp (N2) goes low to cut-off transistor T1 and reset the clock generator built around NE555 (IC2). The clock generator thus produces no further pulses and the counter remains static at this particular count indefinitely.
Pressing the reset switch (S1) resets the counter (IC1). Thus the voltage from the DAC falls to zero causing the second op-amp (N2) to go high, enabling clock generator IC2 and making transistor T1 conduct. The timer again activates and simultaneously the relay energises.
A diode is used in parallel with the relay coil to suppress the reverse induced voltage. The maximum timing achievable is dependent on the frequency of the clock generator and the supply voltage:
This happens because the ratio Vopmax/V is a slow function of supply voltage. Vopmax increases with increase in V, so this ratio varies slowly with supply voltage and can be assumed to be constant.
So for f=1 Hz and supply voltage V=15 volts, the maximum achievable timing is 3686 seconds, which is slightly more than one hour. 555 timers can easily generate frequencies as low as 0.1 Hz. The timer can also withstand fluctuations in the supply voltage.
In this circuit, at 12V, resistors R24, R25 and capacitor C2 produce around 1.47Hz frequency and the relay de-energises after around 1.5 hours to switch off the load. At the same time, the alarm built around IC4 sounds indicating that the appliance is off. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB.
EFY note
Add two resistors to the potentiometer—one at the ground and the other at the positive supply—for minimum and maximum timing. Vary VR1 between 0 and VOPmax such that the op-amp output doesn’t exceed the supply voltage (VOPmax = V-1.5)
555 Timer and Its Applications
Objectives
To understand the following aspects of 555 IC timer:
- Functions of inner blocks of 555 timer to get an overall view of IC as timing machine.
- Operating principles of 555 timer as an astable multivibrator.
- Working details of 555 timer as a monostable multivibrator.
- Operation of 555 timer as a bistable multivibrator.
- Application of 555 timer monostable multivibrator to produce pulse-width modulation signals.
- Application of 555 timer astable multivibrator to generate pulse-position modulation waveforms.
- Ramp signal generator circuit using 555 timer monostable multivibrator.
- Function generator IC 8038 to generate sine wave, square wave, and triangular waves.
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