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Design And Construction Of A Microcontroller Based Proximity Sensor For Doors

The design and construction of a microcontroller-based proximity sensor for doors involves the development of a system utilizing sensors to detect nearby objects or individuals, particularly in the context of door entry. This system typically incorporates components such as infrared (IR) sensors or ultrasonic sensors to detect motion or proximity. By interfacing these sensors with a microcontroller unit (MCU) such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi, the system can analyze sensor data and trigger actions based on predefined criteria, such as opening or closing a door. Additionally, the design may include features for adjusting sensitivity levels, integrating feedback mechanisms, and implementing security protocols to enhance functionality and user experience. Through careful calibration and testing, the proximity sensor system can provide reliable and efficient door control, enhancing convenience and security in various environments, including residential, commercial, and industrial settings.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Objective of the Project 2

1.2 Purpose of the Project 2

1.3 Statement of the problem 2

1.4 Significance of the Project 2

1.5 Scope of the Project 2

1.6 Application of the Project 3

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review 5

2.0.1 Review of Proximity Sensor 5

2.1 Historical background of proximity sensor 6

2.1.1 Versatility of the proximity sensor 7

2.1.2 Analogue Position Measurement 8

2.1.3 The Latest Proximity Switches 9

2.1.4 All-Angled Display 10

2.1.5 Indestructible Under Severe Conditions 11

2.1.6 A Level Higher 11

2.2 Review of Different Types of Proximity Sensors 13

2.3 Review of IR Technologies For Proximity Sensing 13

2.3.1 Photo Interruption 14

2.3.2 Reflective Sensing 15

2.3.3 Proximity Detection As a Peripheral Function 16

CHAPTER THREE

Design Methodology 18

3.1 System Block Diagram 18

3.2 System Circuit Diagram 18

3.3 Components Required 19

3.4 System Description 19

3.5 LCD Connection 20

3.6 Programming Explanation 22

3.6.1 Code 30

3.6.2 LCD Display 34

3.7 Power Supply Circuit 35

3.7.1 Component List 36

3.7.2 Voltage Regulator 36

3.7.3 Transformer 38

3.7.4 Rectifying Circuit 39

3.7.5 Capacitors 39

3.7.6 Block diagram of the power supply 40

3.7.7 Circuit Diagram of the power supply 40

3.7.8 Operation of the power supply 41

3.8 Micro-controller unit 41

3.8.1 Description of an ATMEGA328P Micro-controller 42

3.8.2 Advantages of Using ATMGA328 49

3.8.3 Disadvantages of Using ATMGA328 49

CHAPTER FOUR

Result Analysis 50

4.1 Construction Procedure 50

4.2 Casing and Packaging 50

4.3 Assembly of Sections 50

4.4 Packaging 51

4.5 Making of the proximity door 51

4.6 Mounting of the proximity Sensor 51

4.7 Mounting of Servo 51

4.8 Mounting Procedure 52

4.9 Testing 52

4.6.1 Pre-Implementation Testing 53

4.6.2 Post-Implementation Testing 53

4.7 Result Analysis 54

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Conclusion 55

REFERENCES 57

ABSTRACT

Opening and closing of doors is always a tedious job, especially in places like shopping malls, hotels and theatres where a person is always required to open the door for visitors. A proximity sensor doorcan detect the presence of nearby someone near the door without any physical contact thereby opening the door.Proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor’s target.This device is developed by interfacing ultrasonic sensor with ATM microcontroller. Proximity measurement using ultrasonic sensor and ATMEGA328p. In this project object proximity was measured object distance in centimeters without any physical contact, with the help of APDS9022 Ultrasound sensor, ATMEGA328p micro-controller, LCD Display via I2C bus.

KEYWORDS: Proximity sensor, electromagnetic radiation, infrared, micro controller,

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Proximity Detection Sensors detect, and measure reflected infrared (IR) energy to detect the presence of an object or person. The proximity detection devices offer a wide range of performance, with four programmable LED drive currents and IR pulse repetitions. The proximity detection circuitry compensates for ambient light, allowing it to operate in environments ranging from bright sunlight to dark rooms. The wide dynamic range allows operation in short-distance detection applications behind dark glass, such as cell phones. Proximity Detection Sensors can be used for a mechanical switch replacement or to sense human gesturing (Garg, Rakesh Kumar; Ashish Dixit; Pavan Yadav, 2008).

Proximity sensorsdetect the presence or absence of an object from the door. Proximity Sensors are analog output reflective sensors in a small form factor SMT package that offer a distance detectionrange near zero to 60mm. Proximity sensors can be used in industrial, automotive and consumer applications.

This project proposes a system of automatic opening and closing of door by using sensors. The ultrasonic sensor emits infrared radiation from a considerable distance and sends it to the microcontroller, commanding the microcontroller to either open the gate or to close it. This sensing signal is fed to a controller to operate a door motor through motor driver. The sensor sends a logical command to open the door. The door automatically closes with a fixed time delay (Garg, Rakesh Kumar; Ashish Dixit; Pavan Yadav, 2008).

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is constructing a device which can be used to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact thereby opening and closing door using ATMEGA328p, ultrasonic sensor and LCD display. That does this by emitting an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to provide a digital means of opening and closing a door detectingsomeone’s distance without physical contact with the person that is approaching the door.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In case of power failure, doors/ systems that operate on this technology will not function unless alternative source of power is provided, this will lead to additional cost.

False response may intermittently occur due to the sensitivity of the system to other bodies or objects other than those who’s the design support.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

As a student of physics/electronics department, this work has exposed me to know the application and description of many electronics components. It also made me to know that an object can be detected by electromagnetic field without making any physical contact with the object.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project is designed to measure the proximity of someone approaching a door by using an ultrasonic transducer. The sensor emits infrared radiation from a considerable distance and sends it to the microcontroller, commanding the microcontroller to either open the door or to close it. This sensing signal is fed to a controller to operate a door motor through motor driver. The sensor sends a logical command to open the door. The door automatically closes with a fixed time delay.This proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to a microcontroller of ATMEGA328p.

The total time taken from sending the waves to receiving it is calculated by taking into consideration the velocity of sound. Then the distance is calculated by a program running on the microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen interfaced to the microcontroller. The ultrasonic sensor produces 40 kHz sound waves (Cho, Youngjun (2016).

1.6 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking
Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety
Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery
Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
Sheet breaks sensing in paper machine.
Anti-aircraft warfare
Roller coasters
Conveyor systems
Beverage and food can making lines
Mobile devices
Touch screens that come near the face
Attenuating radio power near the body, in order to reduce radiation exposure (Cho, Youngjun 2014).

1.7 RESEARCH CONSTRAINT

Microcontroller bit is an electronic device that acts intelligently in a circuit by simultaneously acting as an electronic device and interpreting the message from other parts of the circuit before taking decision. It therefore requires a quality time in understanding and the needs to write a microcomputer programming code actually proved difficult before it could be accomplished.

The bit system in the configuration of their input and output registers. Microcontroller register is a small place in a Central Processing Unit that can store a small amount of data used for performing various operations such as Arithmetic and loads the resulting data on the main memory. Several learning classes were held to understand this aspect in order to develop a suitable embedded C program for the project.