Design And Construction Of A Motion Detection Alarm And Security System

Construction Management/Technology | Electrical Electronics Engineering | Engineering

The design and construction of a motion detection alarm and security system involve the integration of various components to create a comprehensive solution for monitoring and safeguarding an area against unauthorized access or intrusion. This system typically comprises sensors capable of detecting motion, such as passive infrared (PIR) sensors or ultrasonic sensors, which are strategically placed to cover the target area effectively. These sensors detect changes in the environment caused by the movement of objects or individuals, triggering an alarm or alert mechanism. The system also includes a control unit, which processes the sensor data and initiates appropriate responses, such as activating alarms, sending notifications to a monitoring station, or triggering recording devices. Additionally, the system may incorporate other features like video surveillance cameras, door/window sensors, and connectivity options for remote monitoring and control. By integrating these elements, the motion detection alarm and security system provide robust protection against potential security threats, enhancing the safety and security of the monitored premises.

ABSTRACT

The need for an effective and reliable intrusion detection with an alarm system have become vital necessity because of the frequent and rampant cases of burglary. Attack on homes offices, factories, banks etc. is on the increase. With the advancement in technology, motion can be detected by measuring change in speed or vector of an object in the field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanical devices that physically interact with the field or by electronic device that quantifies and measures changes in the given environment. This device is not only used as intruder alarm but also used in many applications like home automation system, energy efficiency system, etc. This project is built using few electronics components which capable of detecting motion of an intruder in a restricted area and then triggering an alarm system, motion detector system, however passive infrared sensor detected the motion of the person using the person body heat. The passive infrared (PIR) sensor which is the motion detector used in this project is attached to a transistors and relay which activate the alarm system and any other attached output device to notify the house owner. The initial testing of the design shows that it worked as expected.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

PROBLEM STATEMENT
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
METHODOLOGY
PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

REVIEW OF THE STUDY
REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTRUDER SENSOR
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BURGLAR ALARM
REVIEW OF PIR SENSORS AND ITS APPLICATION
THE ROLE OF SENSORS IN YOUR HOME SECURITY
TYPES OF MOTION SENSORS
OTHER MOTION SENSOR FEATURES

CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM DESIGN

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM BLOCK
SYSTEM CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
SYSTEM OPERATION

CHAPTER FOUR

TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS

INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
CASING AND PACKAGING
ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The need for having home protection has always been there. But in the recent times, considering a dramatic rise in petty crimes like robbery and theft, the need has been more strongly felt to have a fool proof protection of the belongings and the family members. Homesecurity has come a long way in the last few decades. It was in the hands of a guard who manually provided surveillance during nights in the earlier days, but it was not fool proof as it was only normal for him to have momentary lapse of concentration [1][2].

The guard was also susceptible to sleep at times. It was then that home alarm system based upon electronic circuits were developed which proved to be highly reliable and were appreciated by the people as they were relieved from constant monitoring of their homes [1].

Passive infrared sensor based security system is one of the home security alarm which is also called motion detector: The most common single-technology motion detecting sensor uses passive infrared (PIR) energy to recognize the movement of object, such as a person walking near the door. It is most effective in detecting when the heat mass moves across its field of vision of the sensor[2].

This project proposes a system of that senses object across a sensor, this is achieved with help of a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor which is the main aim of this work.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The need for having a constant home protection has always been there. But in the recent times, considering a dramatic rise in petty crimes like robbery and theft, the need has been more strongly felt to have a fool proof protection of the belongings and the family members. Homesecurity has come a long way in the last few decades. It was in the hands of a guard who manually provided surveillance during nights in the earlier days, but it was not fool proof as it was only normal for him to have momentary lapse of concentration. This device brought solution to this need. It ensures adequate protection against intruders [3].

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to build a PIR motion detector sensor and alarm security system that will trigger an alarm when an object approaches the PIR sensor which triggers an alarm indicating the presence of someone. The objectives of the study are:

To alert the user whenever in object or intruder is detected.
To implement the circuit

In increase security in our environment

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This device operates with the help of passive infrared sensor which is also called optic or motion sensors. These sensors might be mounted before an entrance to a monitored place [4].

When these optic or motion sensors senses breaking of radiation, they trigger the alarm. Passive infrared sensor based security system has many useful purposes, which is why you can find them in many different types of locations. From supermarkets to airports and many types of large buildings, Passive infrared sensor based security system alerts security personnel even when they are asleep[4].

1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This device not just used for home security. In industrial fields, they are used on assembly lines to keep track of the number of products and to shut down dangerous equipment if a person gets too close. Here are a few other ways this device is used [3][4][[5]:

To open and close automatic Doors
To turn on and off automatic water faucets and toilets

To turn on lights when a person enters a room

To control ATM displays
At automatic ticket gates
For some parking meters

1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Generally, in security systems, infrared or laser transmitters and receivers are used. But these methods are cost effective. This work explains about PIR based security system in which PIR. This saves the power consumption and is low cost. PIR sensor is the short form of Passive Infrared Sensor. The PIR sensors are more complicated than the other sensors as they consist of two slots. These slots are made of a special material which is sensitive to IR. The Fresnel lens is used to see that the two slots of the PIR can see out past some distance. When the sensor is inactive, then the two slots sense the same amount of IR. The ambient amount radiates from the outdoors, walls or room, etc.[5]

When a human body or any animal passes by, then it intercepts the first slot of the PIR sensor. This causes a positive differential change between the two bisects. When a human body leaves the sensing area, the sensor generates a negative differential change between the two bisects. The infrared sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal to improve humidity/temperature/noise/immunity. There is a window which is made of typically coated silicon material to protect the sensing element [5][6].

This work is based on PIR sensor with an IC that produces alarm. The PIR sensor detects the IR radiations emitted from the humans and it produces a digital output.

1.7 PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

This device sensor has some problem:

It has a limited distance to detect the human/object
It cannot detect the small objects such as insects.
The reliability of a PIR sensor may also be affected by rapid environmental changes and direct sunlight. Also, things like a fireplace, and direct wind from an air conditioner or heater. This is because a PIR sensor actually detects changes in infrared energy – specifically, the “heat energy” emitted by normal human skin temperature.

1.8 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
Draw a block diagram.

Test for continuity of components and devices,

Design of the system was carried out.
Studying of various component used in circuit.
Construction of the system circuit.

Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a Passive infrared sensor based security system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a passive infrared sensor based security system were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a Passive infrared sensor based security system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 CONCLUSION

The motion sensor switch circuit can automatically turn on a light Before beginning the construction contact your nearest electronics component vendor and procure a readymade box-type Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Sensor unit.
Such units, packed in a compact enclosure with power input and relay output terminals are widely available. In prototype, an unbranded (Made in China) PIR Motion sensor with the following specifications are used.

Detection Range:10Meter Maximum
Supply Input:12V DC, <500mA
Relay Output :Common(C),Normally Closed(N/C),Normally Opened(N/O)

Now install the PIR module hanging from a 3 metre high mast (to cover 10 metre radius area) and connect its supply and relay terminals to our finished and enclosed circuit, observing right polarity. A 4-core screened cable can be used for this interconnection.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The device (PIR motion detector sensor and alarm security system) has been designed, tested and system was able to respond to its operation.This work was built with quality wiring and contains many connections, I recommend that if failure occur, it should be troubleshoot by a qualify personnel along with the circuits diagram.

This project was built for Educational purposes. If one wants to use it for industrial or home applications, I recommend that a hook should be attached to the casing that would allow fixing the system on the wall.

Working on this topic (PIR motion detector sensor and alarm security system) as my project is a good idea and it comes at the right time. I am suggesting that this particular topic should also be given to other students both in higher and lower class.