Design And Construction Of A Sum And Difference Counting System

Electrical Electronics Engineering

The design and construction of a sum and difference counting system involves creating a sophisticated electronic circuit capable of accurately calculating and displaying both the sum and the difference of two input signals. This system typically comprises operational amplifiers, voltage comparators, digital display units, and input signal conditioning components. By integrating precision components and utilizing advanced signal processing techniques, such a system can achieve high accuracy and reliability in computing the sum and difference of input signals. The integration of these components ensures efficient operation and enables seamless integration into various applications requiring precise signal analysis and processing.

ABSTRACT

This work describes the design and construction of sum and difference counting system. The main intention is to design a system wherein the number of persons entering or leaving a room is kept track of and displayed on a screen. When a person enters the room, count would be increased, whereas on leaving, the count would decrease. IR sensing mechanism is used to sense the presence of visitors and the whole counting operation is done by a microcontroller. In this system, up to 999 incoming or outgoing visitors can be counted using microcontroller. Microcontroller is used here to make a secure count over a large number of visitors. This system is essentially required in many places where count for the visitors is needed by the administrator of that system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
AIM/ OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
PROJECT ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF THE STUDY

2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3 COMPONENT LIST

3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION AND ALGORITHMS

3.5 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

4.2 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.3 ASSEMBLING

4.5 OBSERVATION

4.3 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED ON THE SYSTEM

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In recent era, the count for the visitors become essential in many cases like in shopping mall, Hotels, restaurants etc. where the count is required to make a satisfaction of the administrators who relies on electronics system for the count of the incoming or outgoing visitors or traffics

This sum and difference counter is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of counting number of persons / visitors in the room by counting the number of people entering and leaving the auditorium/hall. When somebody enters from the entrance of the room then the counter is incremented by one (+1) and when any one leaves from the exit door of the room then the counter is decremented by one (-1). The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).

The microcontroller is used for detecting an entry or exit action and computing the figures (addition and subtraction) to acquire accurate results. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of embedded programming code which is stored in ROM of the microcontroller. The microcontroller continuously monitors the Infrared Receivers. When any object pass through the IR Receiver’s then the IR Rays falling on the receivers are obstructed.

The obstruction occurs under two circumstances, either you obstruct sensor 1 (i.e. outside the building) before sensor 2 (i.e. which is inside the building) this shows that you are entering the building or you do it the other way round, which is obstructing sensor 2 before sensor 1 to indicates an exit movement. This obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller, computed and displayed by a 16×2 LCD screen.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this work is to design a system wherein the number of persons entering or leaving a room is kept track of and displayed on a screen. It is made to unwanted prevent electric power waste in schools, colleges, offices and houses. This whole process is operated totally automatically by its sensors

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to design a system that can be used in any place where the count is necessary that is the place may earn by count or there may be a observatory which seeks the numbers of traffics or human enters into or departs from the place. For its counting purpose. Sensors are included which sense for the incoming and outgoing people or traffic

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This Counter is an automated stand-alone, two way people counting system for ceiling mounted. The installation is so easy that it can be performed and maintained any trained personnel. It cost efficient, scalable, and easy-to-install people counting device. It is a powerful stand-alone people counting application embedded directly in microcontroller and LCD. Counting is done locally on the LCD.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The circuit works on the principle of IR sensing. Infrared or simply IR Sensors are devices that work with Infrared Light Source and a Photo Detector like a Photo Diode or a Photo Transistor that act as a Transmitter and Receiver respectively.

In this project, we have used an IR LED as the IR Transmitter and a Photo Diode as the IR Receiver. Two sets of IR sensors consisting of an IR LED and Photo Diode are placed at two ends of the entrance and exit of a place it was applied.

The heart of the circuit design lies in designing the Microcontroller interface. Here, we used the Microcontroller AT89C51, which is an 8051 family microcontroller.

The microcontroller AT89C51 is interfaced to the IR sensor pairs at PORT2 pins – P2.0 and P2.1 respectively. The following image shows the circuit diagram of the Reflective Type IR Sensor Module used in this project.

1.6 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

The Counting device can be used domestically to get an indication of number of persons entering a party
It can be used at official meetings.
It can be used at homes and other places to keep a check on the number of persons entering and leaving a secured place.
It can also be used as home automation system to ensure energy saving by switching on the loads and fans only when needed.
in stadium, this device is used to counting the number of people entering the stadium from the entrance door/gate and the number of people leaving the stadium from the exit gate

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

It is a low range circuit and cannot be implemented at large areas.
With frequent change in the count value, after a certain time the output may look confusing.

1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective, application, scope and limitation of the study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.