Design And Construction Of An Automatic Goal Line Detector

Electrical Electronics Engineering

The design and construction of an automatic goal line detector involve the integration of various sensor technologies and processing algorithms to accurately determine whether a soccer ball has crossed the goal line. Utilizing a combination of optical sensors, such as cameras or infrared detectors, along with advanced image processing algorithms, the system can analyze the position of the ball relative to the goal line in real-time. Additionally, incorporating machine learning techniques enables the detector to recognize the distinct characteristics of a goal event, such as the sudden change in trajectory or the presence of the ball within the predefined goal area. Through meticulous calibration and testing, the detector ensures high precision and reliability, even in dynamic and challenging game environments. Furthermore, implementing wireless communication capabilities facilitates seamless integration with existing officiating systems, providing instantaneous feedback to referees and stakeholders. This comprehensive approach to goal line detection enhances the fairness and accuracy of decision-making in soccer matches while optimizing the spectator experience through swift and decisive rulings.

ABSTRACT

In association football, a goal is scored if the whole of the ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts and under the crossbar. With the growing popularity of football globally, the accuracy of each and every events and technology involved in the game is a concern. Critical situations arise when the referee cannot discriminate a goal or no goal by fine margins due to human visual limitations. Nowadays Video-Assistant Referee (VAR) and other technologies perform accurate decision-making can be implemented in a live match. But the process consumes a lot of time which reduces the fast pace of the game and can cause unnecessary distractions.

An automatic goal-line detector is an electronic aiding device that is used to determine if a goal has been scored or not. In detail, it is a method used to determine when the ball has completely crossed the goal line in between the goal-posts and underneath the crossbar with the assistance of electronic devices and at the same time assisting the referee in awarding a goal or not. The objective of goal-line technology (GLT) is not to replace the role of the officials, but rather to support them in their decision-making. This study aims to design an automatic goal-line detection system with the help of radio frequency identification (RFID) – Arduino interfacing. RFID incorporates the use of radio waves to extract the information stored in a tag attached to an object.

The proposed system uses RFID tags which are fitted on the inside surface of a football. The information embedded in the tags is read by RFID readers, placed behind the goalpost.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIM OF THE PROJECT
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
METHODOLOGY
PROJECT ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

OVERVIEW OF GOAL-LINE TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
CURRENT IMPLEMENTATION GOAL-LINE TECHNOLOGY
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
SOLUTION APPROACHES & INFLUENCING FACTOR

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PARTS LIST
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS

INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT
PROJECT VIABILITY
RELIABILITY
MAINTAINABILITY
PROJECT EVALUATION
RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

NOMENCLATURE

FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association

IFAB International Football Association Board

RFID Radio Frequency Identification
GLT Goal Line Technology

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In Football, the introduction and implementation of modern-day technologies came lately as compared to other popular sports. In the early 2000s various incidents in top- flight football matches at big stages of World Football created varying opinions and controversies. These incidents pointed towards the introduction of goal-line technology. However, the topic was a matter of debate for a decade. But following some errors at the 2010 FIFA World cup- especially in the Germany-England match, the Federation International Football Association (FIFA) announced that it would open the decision about implementing goal-line technology in football matches [1].

Goal-line technology can be defined as the technology by which we can determine whether a goal has been scored or not. It is completely done by electronic measures. In detail, it is a method where we can identify whether a ball has crossed the goal-line or not. The objective of this goal- line technology (GLT) is to help the referees so that they can take the correct decision while awarding a goal to the scoring side.

Similar technologies for decision-making were already evolved in other sports. In Cricket, with the help of hawk- eye [2] and hot-spot technology [3], decisions of out or not- out have been taken by third umpires. Hawk-eye system is also used in lawn-tennis by the chair-umpires [4]. However it must be mentioned that hot-spot technology took time to be implemented on a good scale mainly due to its cost of implementation. On a similar note, due to its expense, GLT is only used currently in few top European domestic leagues as well as at major FIFA & UEFA championships.

Researches have already been done to implement goal- line technology in football matches. Spagnolo et al. [5] have proposed an algorithm where candidate ball regions have been analyzed for detection of the ball. Here, the image sequences, that are formed, record the goal event via camera calibration. Fraunhofer IIS [6] has proposed a radio-based system GoalRef™ which determines whether the whole ball has passed over the goal line employing magnetic fields. One field is created in the goal area whereas the other field is formed surrounding the ball whenever it is moving towards the goal. D’Orazio et al. [7] have proposed an automated visual system for detection of goal in real time during soccer matches. This system checks image sequences where false interpretations regarding perspective errors, high velocity of the events, occlusions can be prevented.

Ekin et al. [8] have presented a framework for goal detection in football using cinematic feature containing higher-level algorithms. Cruciani [9] has proposed goal detection system consisting both mobile and magneto- acoustic- double resonance induced- ground-based equipment. Ancona et al. [10] have proposed an image processing tool for detection of goals via single camera during football matches.

In all these above-mentioned system GLT is implemented either via a camera-based detection system or by using expensive electronic equipment. In this paper an efficient and cheap system is designed with the help of Arduino-RFID interface. By implementing this technique, the time-consuming camera based analysis for decision- making is not required. By eliminating human intervention in decision making, this system is fast and more efficient than other primitive approaches and here lies the novelty of the proposed work.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

There always an argument in a foot ball competition whether a goal or not by the viewers even among foot ball players and this result problems such as the ‘Wembley Goal’ in the World Cup final 1966 between England and Germany is probably the most famous goal in the history of football. The question whether it was a goal or not has been an open problem for decades. In 2012, after a long period of evaluation of different technologies, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) approved the use of Goal Line Technology (GLT) in official football matches. The objective of a GLT system is to provide a clear indication to the referee –typically on a special watch- whether the ball has fully crossed the line.

1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this work is to design an automatic Goal Line detecting device with focus on the electromagnetic field based approach (RFID)

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

At the end of this work:

this paper will give an overview of the requirements that must be fulfilled by to get approved by FIFA.
The existing solution approaches will be described and possible environmental influences like occlusion or deformation of the ball that can affect the system’s performance will be
Afterwards, goal line detector will be
Finally measurement results for one test scenario in the lab will be presented to validate the system approach and to determine the potential accuracy range of the system

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This device is efficient and cheap system and it is designed with the help of Arduino-RFID interface

1.6 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
Draw a block diagram.

Test for continuity of components and devices,

programming of microcontroller
Design and calculation for the work was carried out.
Studying of various component used in circuit.

Construct the whole circuit.
Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.7 PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.