Construction Of Microcontroller Based Vehicle Speed Alarm.

ABSTRACT

The project is based on Construction of microcontroller vehicle speed alarm system which automatically warns the driver by activating a panic alarm which is triggered on when the driver exceeds the speed limit set in the system which also stops the alarm when the speed is reduced below the set speed limit. A speedometer system is used to monitor the speed of the car. The voltage output of the speedometer system is used to set the time the alarm comes on. The other component parts of the system are power unit which comprises of 5volts regulator and diode for reverse voltage prevention, micro controller, analog to digital converter (ADC), LED, resistors, transistors, wires and potentiometer. By proper steps, time and knowledge, one was able to couple the components together to achieve the desired functions which are stated in the various chapters of this report. This system can be used for road safety and measures taken to prevent accident caused by over speeding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                       PAGE

Title page                                                                                               i

Approval page                                                                                       ii

Dedication                                                                                             iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                 iv

Abstract                                                                                                 v

Table of contents                                                                                   vi

List of figures                                                                                         ix

List of table’s                                                                                         x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study 1
• The aim and objective 2
• Scope of the project 2
• Project report organization 3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

• Historical background 4
• Speedometer 5
• Voltage regulator 8
• Transformer 9
• Diodes 9
• The opt-coupler 11
• Potentiometer 13
• Transistor 14
• Resistor 17
• Microcontroller 19

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM OPERATION

• Block diagram of the project 23
• Circuit diagram and operation 25

CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

• Software designing 32
• Calculating led resistor value 33
• Constructed system circuit 34

CHAPTER FIVE: TEST OF RESULTS, PACKAGING

• Testing of the individual components 36
• Unit by unit testing 36
• System testing 36
• Integration 36
• Packaging 36

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Conclusion 38
• Problems encountered and solutions 38
• Suggestion for further improvements 38
• Recommendation 38

APPENDIX A: List of system components                                            40

APPENDIX B: Component cost table                                                   41

APPENDIX C: System source code                                                       43

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                                                  55

LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

Fig1.1: A modern speedometer                                                              2

Fig2.1: A7805 voltage regulator                                                            8

Fig2.2: Diagram of step down transformer                                            9

Fig2.3: Diode and its symbol                                                                  9

Fig2.4: Diode curve graph                                                                      10

Fig2.5: Opt-isolator with phototransistor                                              12

Fig2.6: LED and its circuit symbol                                                        12

Fig2.7: Potentiometer                                                                            14

Fig2.8: Transistor symbol                                                                     15

Fig2.9: Resistor and its symbol                                                             17

Fig2.10: Resistor with colour bands                                                      18

Fig2.11: The pin layout of the microcontroller                                      21

Fig2.12: Architecture of the PIC16F88 microcontroller                         22

Fig3.1: Block diagram of the project                                                      23

Fig 3.2: Flow chart                                                                                24

Fig3.3: Power supply diagram                                                               26

Fig3.4: Hall Effect module                                                                     27

Fig3.5: LED integrated to the control unit (microcontroller)                  30

Fig3.6: Complete system diagram                                                         31

Fig4.1: Calculating LED resistor value                                                 33

Fig4.2: System unit                                                                                34

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

Table 2.1: The data sheet                                                                       16

Table 2.2: Colour code and tolerance                                                    17

Appendix B Component cost analysis table                                         41

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 The dashboard instrument cluster in a car organizes a variety of sensors and gauges, including the oil pressure gauge, coolant temperature gauge, fuel level gauge, tachometer and more. But the most prominent gauge and perhaps the most important, at least in terms of how many times you look at it while driving is the speedometer. The job of the speedometer is to indicate the speed of a car in miles per hour, kilometers per hour or both. Even in late-model cars, it’s an analog device that uses a needle to point to a specific speed, which the driver reads as a number printed on a dial.

As with any emerging technology, the first speedometers were expensive and available only as options. It wasn’t until 1910 that automobile manufacturers began to include the speedometer as standard equipment. One of the first speedometer suppliers was Otto Schulze Auto meter (OSA), a legacy company of Siemens VDO Automotive AG, one of the leading developers of modern instrument clusters. The first OSA speedometer was built in 1923 and its basic design didn’t change significantly for 60 years. In this project report, high lights will be on the history of speedometers, how they work and digitalization of speedometer, add-on speed checker, and what the future may hold for speedometer design, below is a pictorial overview of a speedometer.