Correlation Studies Between Weight And Blood Pressure In Married Women

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• • AIM OF THE STUDY

• • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• • OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• • RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• • SCOPE OF THE STUDY

• • RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

• • DEFINITION OF TERMS.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• • CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

• • REVIEW OF HYPERTENSION

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• • INTRODUCTION

• • STUDY AREA

• • RESEARCH DESIGN

• • POPULATION OF THE STUDY

• • INSTRUMENT

• • SURVEY CONTENTS

• • SURVEY METHODOLOGY

• • STATISTICAL METHODS

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1.     RESULT ANALYSIS

4.2      DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

• • CONCLUSION

• • RECOMMENDATION

• • REFERENCES

• • QUESTIONNAIRE

ABSTRACT

There is an increase in the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity across the globe. Blood pressure (BP) has been found to increase among populations with high body mass index (BMI). Overweight and high BP both have independent fatal health consequences as they carry serious risk factors for several non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type II diabetes, and even death. It is against this background that this research was carried out to corroborate similar result in Nigeria. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation of weight and BP of adults of 30–50 years in married women.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

Due to industrialization and urbanization, the standard of living continues to rise particularly in developing countries. This has led to weight gain and obesity, which are posing a threat to the health of citizens. Obesity is perhaps the most prevalent form of malnutrition in developing countries, both among adults and children. Studies have demonstrated that obesity is related to elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) elevation, dyslipidemia, diabetes, etc.[1,2,3]

Obesity, its attendant health consequences and consequent health burden, is expected to reach epidemic proportions in developing countries like Nigeria.[4] An increase in the dimension of this problem has been reported in the high socio-economic group in Nigeria. A study revealed even higher prevalence (32-50%) of overweight (body mass index (BMI) >25) among adults belonging to high income group as compared with 16.2-20% in those belonging to middle income group.[5] weight, calculated as weight in kg in meters, is most widely used to estimate the prevalence of obesity or underweight within a population. The relationship between weight and blood pressure has long been the subject of epidemiological research. Positive association of weight and blood pressure has also been reported among Nigerian populations. Nigeria in a process of rapid economic development and modernization with changing life style factors has an increasing trend of hypertension especially among urban population.[4] It is important from a public health perspective to have data on the characteristics and health of a population and of different subgroups in the population because of the racial/ethnic disparities in terms of long-term health consequences. It is necessary to identify individuals and populations at risk. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Punjabi adults on the basis of weight and to analyze the relation between anthropometric measures and blood pressure.

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The World Health Organization in 1997 declared obesity as a disease of pandemic significance both in developed and in developing countries.[1] Obesity is the major determinant of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and stroke. India, standing second to China in population, contributes almost 16% to the world’s death census.[2] National Family Health survey (NFHS) reports showed an increasing trend in obesity among ever married women from 11% in NFHS-2 (1999) to 15% in NFHS-3 (2006). Prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease is rapidly increasing in India. A survey by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau reported the pooled estimate of pre-hypertension in rural men (42%) and women (39%) with prevalence being higher in younger age group and tended to decrease with increase in age.[3] Obesity is directly associated with hypertension as well as overall cardiovascular disease morbidity.[4] Stress is exhibited as a response toward the adverse interaction with the environment. The cause of stress may vary, such as fasting, exercise, exposure to heat/cold, or even emotional disturbances (mental). Stress affects the limbic system through the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) is an increase in heart rate and blood pressure when exposed to stress. Increased CVR to stress is an indicator of developing hypertension.[5] Exaggerated CVR has become an additional risk for a range of cardiovascular outcomes, such as high blood pressure, carotid atherosclerosis, carotid intima thickness, and increased left ventricular mass.[4] This study was undertaken to find whether exaggerated CVR and obesity are associated or if they are independent risk factors for cardiovascular outcome. Moderate exercise was chosen to be the stressor, and the response was studied by the differences in heart rate, blood pressure, and vascular reactivity.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

Weight gain was associated with increased risk of developing high blood pressure known as hypertension. Weight gain was associated with increased risk of developing hypertension. The relative risks of hypertension in women who gained 50-70 kg and those that gained over 80kg were 1.7 and 5.2, respectively. In other words, women that gained more than 80kg were three times as likely to become hypertensive as women who had gained less weight.

Heart disease risk increases if a person has excess abdominal fat, high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol in the blood, heart disease, a strong family history of diabetes, is a male or was affected by obesity before age 40. This study was carried out to analyze the relationship between weight and blood pressure in married women.

1.3                                                     AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to study the relationship between weight and blood pressure in married women.

1.4                                               OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this work are as follows:

1. 1. To assess the effect of age, weight and parity on systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs).

1. 1. To understand the correlation between weight and blood pressure in married women.

1. 1. To compare the changes on the cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, stiffness index, reflection index, and pulse transit time before and after

1.5                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is important in that it focuses on the body mass index and how it affects blood pressure. It also discusses the effect of hypertension, causes and cure. It also discusses treatment options, such as medication and ensuring the patient’s needs are met. This study helps to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among married women on the basis of weight and to analyze the relation between anthropometric measures and blood pressure [6].

1.6                                                   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The relationship between weight and blood pressure has long been the subject of epidemiological research. Positive association of weight and blood pressure has also been reported among Asian populations. India in a process of rapid economic development and modernization with changing life style factors has an increasing trend of hypertension especially among urban population.[4] It is important from a public health perspective to have data on the characteristics and health of a population and of different subgroups in the population because of the racial/ethnic disparities in terms of long-term health consequences. It is necessary to identify individuals and populations at risk. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among married women on the basis of weight and to analyze the relation between anthropometric measures and blood pressure [5].

1.7                                             LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Every research work require a thorough examination of the large pool of people and reading materials as it is a research that requires lots of one on one discussion from health workers of the hospital. This means that lots of questionnaires would be distributed to the health worker of the hospital with questions designed to assess the weight and blood pressure of the women involved. The above are the limitations of this research work namely the time constraints and financial inadequacies to cover wider grounds.

1.8                                                   RESEARCH QUESTION

This study is on the correlation studies between weight and blood pressure in married women. To achieve this, the following specific research questions were asked.

• • What are the levels of high blood pressure among the women?

• • What are the levels of care the show on patient high blood pressure?

• • What is the strength of relationship between weight and blood pressure?

• • Can obesity cause high blood pressure?

• • How does weight affect blood pressure?

• • How much will my blood pressure go down if I lose weight?

1.9                                               RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis 1: There is significant relationship between weight and blood pressure in married women.

Hypothesis 2: There is no significant relationship between weight and blood pressure in married women.

1.10                                                      PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.