Effect Of Twitter Ban On Nigerians Freedom Of Expression

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

The Internet has offered both opportunities and difficulties to the newspaper industry. The internet has brought exciting new developments to news creation and distribution, but it also poses a threat to the conventional printed newspaper. Print newspapers had been established for more than 100 years when, in the 1930s, they experienced their heyday as the most widely read news medium in the United States (Douglas, 1999). The Internet, on the other hand, needed less than 15 years to claim that title when the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism discovered that, for the first time, more people obtained their news from the Internet than from newspapers at the end of 2010. (Rosenstiel & Mitchell, 2011). This momentous shift in the news media environment raises fresh concerns regarding the impact of the Internet on newsreaders, particularly their engagement with the news. Some have accused online newspapers for being merely material shoveled from their print counterparts, presented traditionally, without leveraging much of the Internet’s potential as newspapers migrate from traditional printed pages to the world of pixels and bytes (Gubman & Greer, 1997.) The Pew Center for Civic Journalism’s Jan Schaffer (2001) proposed that this be done with a “far more interactive toolset” since news online gives the chance to build a completely new method to deliver journalism. One of the characteristics that distinguishes the Internet as a media is its interactivity. Newspapers can provide in-depth reporting, while television can provide images and sound. When these features are offered online, consumers are frequently confronted with technological restrictions. Although these technical challenges may be addressed in a few years, Web journalism should still be able to provide something extra, something distinctive, now. In today’s climate, media organizations are attempting to establish whether online news is complimentary or competitive to their operations (Dutta-Bergman, 2004), while journalists are learning how to operate across different platforms (Huang, Davison, Shreve, Davis, Bettendorf & Nair, 2003).

Newspapers have a long history of seeking, gathering, analyzing, and creating news in a one-way daily delivery format, but the Internet may help users make the reporting process more transparent by allowing site visitors to see, hear, or read the sources that reporters used (Hlongoane, n.d.). Lowrey (1999, in Hlongoane, n.d.) stated that both journalists and consumers must create new methods for digesting news online rather of perceiving it as a modified form of print journalism in order to get to a position where sites make full advantage of the online features that make the Web distinctive. The internet enables for user participation. This is a benefit of using online publications. It provides publishers with the potential to generate additional revenue streams based on their main offering, data collecting and analysis, due to its low barrier to entry. The medium’s interaction has piqued the interest of many, pulling viewers away from television and back to a mostly text-based medium. Newspapers may be found on the internet in a variety of formats, including online newspapers (newspaper websites), e-papers, and even mobile applications (sometimes known as “apps”). While e-paper offers us the sensation of holding a real newspaper issue in our hands, with all of the layout and style, online paper and news mobile applications provide more opportunities for interaction. Newspapers have undergone a transformation in terms of both content and appearance. Interactivity has been improved through the use of color, graphics, blurbs, colorful headlines, attractive visual make-up, layout, and other patterns of display of written words. We are no more a “passive” consumer of “foreign” and “standardized news value-based” material; instead, we read about our own daily concerns, problems, events, and circumstances that we encounter in our daily lives. The new format has increased the reader’s engagement. Not just the media, but also the consumers’ priorities, lifestyles, needs, and tastes have shifted in recent years, forcing the media to adapt. We are approaching a new era of involvement, in which the lines between consumer and producer are blurring more and more. This is particularly obvious in the media sphere, as newspapers are striving to create a more active engagement with their readers than in the past.

Twitter is a social platform that provides users to follow one other and send messages that are limited to 140 characters. Relationships on Twitter may be entirely one-sided, unlike on other social networking platforms. For example, one user may follow another without the later being obligated to follow the first. Twitter burst onto the scene in March 2006, owing to its simple user interface, which stood in sharp contrast to its rivals, who were allowing users complete customization of their personal pages at the time, resulting in a crowded, gaudy appearance (Experian, 2009).

Twitter has always welcomed third-party developers, providing a flexible application programming interface (API) and enjoying unparalleled celebrity appeal (Twitter Counter, 2010). However, despite its widespread popularity and extensive mainstream media attention, Twitter’s growth has lagged behind that of Google and Facebook after their respective first three years. Google has 18 million users, Facebook has 27 million, and Twitter has 8 million (Battelle, 2009). As Twitter approaches its fifteenth year of operation, it can no longer be considered a new kid on the block, but many people are still unsure of its purpose or if it has any value for them. It’s “for finding and sharing what’s going on in your life right now,” according to Twitter. While this is accurate, and regrettably, by its very nature, most of the material posted is ‘pointless chatter,’ it fails to see Twitter’s economic potential (Java et al., 2007).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Nigeria Federal Government suspended the operations of the micro blogging and social networking service Twitter in Nigeria. The Minister of Information and Culture, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, announced the suspension in a statement issued in Abuja on Friday, 5 June 2021, citing the persistent use of the platform for activities that are capable of undermining Nigeria’s corporate existence. (Aljezeera.com).

According to Ajezeera.com, about 39 million Nigerians have a Twitter account, more than Ghana’s entire population of 32 million. And the platform, over the years, has promoted and enhanced social interaction among Nigerian citizens as they discuss social issues, political issues, share educative information and many more. According to Emmanuel Alumona, who was interviewed by Aljezeera, “Twitter is like my newspaper. Whenever I want to check what’s happening in the country and peoples opinion, I refresh my timeline; however it is too hard to bear the ban of twitter as most Nigerians like me may no longer be updated about the happenings in the society”.

It is therefore, against this backdrop, that this study seeks to investigate the perception of newspaper readers on the Federal Governments ban on Twitter.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of twitter ban on Nigerians freedom of expression.

Specifically the study seeks

To examine the if twitter promoted Nigerians’ freedom of expression.

To investigate if twitter ban will affects citizens freedom of expression.

To determine if the Nigeria Government Twitter ban is a breach on the fundamental human rights of her citizens.

1.4 Research Question

The study will provide answers to the following research questions

Does twitter promote Nigerians’ freedom of expression ?

Does twitter ban affect citizens freedom of expression ?

Does Nigeria Government Twitter ban breach the fundamental human rights of her citizens ?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The research is guided by the following hypotheses

HO1: Twitter ban will not affects citizens freedom of expression.
H1: Twitter ban affects citizens freedom of expression.

HO2: Nigeria Government Twitter ban does not breach the fundamental human rights of her citizens
H1: Nigeria Government Twitter banbreach the fundamental human rights of her citizens.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The findings from this study will be relevant to all the arms of the government and to the citizens of Nigeria. Theoretically and empirically, the study will enlighten the arms of the government, especially the judiciary, on the need to re-assess the current restriction/ban on the Twitter platform, having in mind that internet freedom is important. As a result, all restrictions must be based on clear, specific, and easily accessible statute law. Those regulatory authorities applying the laws restricting freedom of expression on social media must be entirely independent, accountable and with adequate safeguards in place to avoid arbitrariness. Furthermore, the study will contribute to the body of knowledge, serve as a reference material, and be extremely beneficial to students and researchers who may be interested in gathering or conducting studies related to the topic under study.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study is delimited to the effects of the Twitter ban on the residents of Bida, Niger state. It will also cover the social media and the challenge of freedom of expression A case study of Twitter Ban in Nigeria and the extent to which this Twitter ban affects them. The respondents of this study will be obtained from Bida, Niger state..

1.8 Limitation of the Study

The following factors poses to be a limitation during the course of this research

Financial constraint

Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint

The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Twitter:

Twitter is an American micro-blogging and social networking service on which users post and interact with messages known as “tweets”. Registered users can post, like, and retweet tweets, but unregistered users can only read them.

Twitter Ban:

This is the authoritative pause in the operation of twitter as mandated by the Federal government of Nigeria on June 5th 2021 until the owners of the social network meet the newly established requirement given to them by the government of Nigeria.

Network Restriction:

A restricted network is where NAP sends a computer that needs remediation services or to block access to the private network until remediation can take place.

Human Right:

Human rights are moral principles or norms for certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected in municipal and international law.

1.10 Organizations of the study

The chapter one consist of the introductory part of the study which includes the study background, the statement of the research problem, the study objective and scope of the study.

The second chapter is a critical review of other literatures relevant to the study and its objectives including the theoretical framework for the study. While the third chapter is methods of data collection, sampling and data analysis used in conducting the study. The fourth chapter centres around the research findings including an analysis of how it relates to previous findings. The fifth chapter consists of the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations base on the study objectives.