Factors Influencing Craft-men Productivity In Africa

INTRODUCTION The work in the construction industry involves the client, the Architect, the Engineer, the quantity surveyor and the builders. A structural project is initiated by the Engineer (civil Engineer). The process of designing begins with the enginer’s appreciation of the client’s requirements. After the specification given to the engineer by architect according to the requirement of the client, the engineer develops different s […]

INTRODUCTION In other to provide information to contractors in a construction industry for works to be carried out on sites, drawings are produce, which serves as means of communication are used by designers in every engineering specters. For those reason, the works are mostly work of a structural engineer to design a construction of structure for sheltering to be completed, such as road, bridges, railways, dams, buildings and other re […]

INTRODUCTION Before a designer can relate his requirements dearly in a construction industry, a drawing is to be prepared; this is because the drawing serves as a general means of communication. Thus, the drawing is adopted mostly, then other means of communication in engineering sectors. A structured engineer mostly engages himself in designs on construction of structures. Like roads, bridges, railways, dams, buildings and other publi […]

INTRODUCTION A clear environment promotes health and esthetics living man has consistency struggled throughout the ages to keep his environment clean. Generally the task of maintaining a heating environment through good sanitary disposal or waste has a become increasing difficult in west Africa and most developing countries of the world. This is due to such factors as population explanation rapid urbanization, industrialization increas […]

INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY When it comes to paving, Asphalt material is the most popular because of it its quality features it has such as looks good, lasts long, and is generally low maintenance. Moisture damage can be defined as the loss of strength and durability in asphalt mixtures caused by the presence of water. Moisture damage is induced by the loss of bond between the asphalt cement or the mastic and the fine and […]