Comparative Analysis Of Antimicrobial Strength Of Three Most Common Antibiotics Used
(A Case Study Of Antibiotics Drugs Brought In Obiagu)
The antimicrobial strength of the three most prevalent antibiotics, namely penicillin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin, varies depending on the type of microorganism targeted and its susceptibility to the antibiotic. Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, rendering it particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, disrupts bacterial protein synthesis, demonstrating efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria as well as some Gram-negative bacteria and certain atypical organisms like Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, interferes with bacterial DNA replication and repair, exhibiting broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and some Gram-positive bacteria. Each antibiotic’s potency is influenced by factors including bacterial resistance patterns, pharmacokinetics, and the site of infection, necessitating careful consideration and individualized selection to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes.
In comparing the antimicrobial strength of three most common antibiotics, which includes: streptomycin chloranphenicol and gentarccin.
Samples of urine and high vaginal swab (H.V.S) were collected from park lane Enugu. The organisms isolated were pure culture of staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Sensitivity test was carried out with the use of sensitivity disk containing various minimum inhibitory concentration of the different antibiotics.
The result obtained shaved that gentamicn was more effective followed by chloramphenicol while some organisms shaved resistant to streptomycin.
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List Of Tables
List Of Figures
Table Of Contents
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Aims And Objective
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Statement Of Problem
1.5 Scope Of Study
1.6 Limitation Of Study
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review
3.1 Procurement Of Antibiotics
3.1.1 Streptomycin
2.1.2 Chloramphenicol
2.1.3 Gentamicin
2.2 Antimicrobial Activity In Vitro
2.3 Antimicrobial Activity In Vivo
2.4 Resistance To Antimicrobial Drugs
2.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity
2.6 Clinical Use Of Antibiotics
2.7 Characteristic Of Antibiotics
Chapter Three
3.0 Materials And Method
3.1 Sample Collection
3.1.1 Media Composition
3.1.2 Direction For The Preparation Of Nutrient Agar
3.1.3 Direction For The Preparation Of Blood Agar
3.1.4 Material Used For The Prewritten Of Media
Chapter Four
4.0 Isolation And Identification Procedures
4.1.1 Isolation And Identification Of Staphylococcus Aureus
4.1.2 Isolation And Identification Of Escherichia Coli
4.2 Sensitivity Test
Chapter Five
5.0 Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORICAL BACK GROUND
Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical are put into the body, they stop the growth of kinds of germs. They help the body to fight diseases. More than 3,000 years ago ancient people stumbled over the discovery that some moulds could be used as a cure. The egyptians, the chinese, and indians of central American would use mold to treat rashes and infected would. At that time they didn’t understand either diseases or treatment. As time went on, people began to gain some insight of disease. In the 1860 Louis Pasteur Shaw that many disease were caused it bacteria. Later he discovered that we may be able to fight germ and other microbes. It was two German doctors, who were first to make an effective medication form microbes. Kudo if and Emmerich and Oscar has conducted their experiment in the 1890. They proved that germ that would for another. All the men did was to take the germ from infected bandages and grow then in a test tube. They would then isolate a particular germ that caused green in factions in open would. This germs was bacteria called Bacillus pyoicyaneus. They put then into another test tube containing other type of bacteria, it was then it happened that the bacillus pyocyaneus wiped out the other disease germ. The germs that was killed were those that caused cholera, typhoid, diphtheria and anthrau. From this the two men created a medication that they called pyoanase, it was the first antibiotics used in hospitals.
In 1928 Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, discovered penicillin, the first antibiotics. He was keeping in a petn dish when a speck of mold fell in, it cause the mold to grow on the nutrient agar used to feed the bacteria. Surpassingly, it stopped the growth of the bacteria. Fleming through the mold called penicillin notatum produced a substance that killed the bacteria and so called it penicillin. However, he was not able to entrant it from broth in which he grew the mold.
In 1945, Waksman used the word antibiotics for the first time and proposed that it can be defined as a chemical substance of microbial origin that possesses antibiotic powers. He discovered a drug called streptomycin. It onginated frommicrobes found in soil and was a cure for many intestinal diseases. Now antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin was discovered. Each was effective against certain disease, but scientist wanted more. Doctors however, anted broad spectrum drug. That is a single antibiotics that could cure many disease
The search proved successful one laboratory discovered Aureonycin, which is a drug that does the job of penicillin and streptomycin. Another laboratory discovered chloromycin.
In 1949, yet another laboratory came with one of the effective antibiotics ever found, terranycin. This drug could be used against many bacteria disease (Katzung, 1994).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
1. To identify causative organism that are delectious to mans health.
2. To determine the potency of the different antibiotics.
3. To know the type of organism sensitive to the different antibiotics.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
H0- Streptomycin is more effective
H1 – Streptonyin is not effective
H2 – Chloramphenicol is not effective
H3- Chloramphenicol is not effective
H4- Gentamicin is more effective
H5 –Gentanicin is not effective
H6 – Comparing the strength of the three antibiotics.
1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Due to the problem encountered in Enugu Urban (obiagu), most people abuse antibiotics owing to the general belief that antibiotics can be used in the treatment of all kinds of diseases. This can result to drug resist. Accumulation of these drugs can lead to internal denage. Hence this study which compares the antimicrobial strength of three antibiotics.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
This work will be limited to the maximum inhibitory concentration and know the organism sensitive to the different antibiotics under certain temperature.
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Limited time in making research for the project work.
2) Inharailability of equipment and reagents in the course of carrying out the work.
SHARE PROJECT MATERIALS ON:
Comparative Analysis Of Antimicrobial Strength Of Three Most Common Antibiotics Used:
The antimicrobial strength of antibiotics can vary depending on several factors, including the specific antibiotic, the type of microorganism causing the infection, and the individual patient’s condition. Below, I’ll provide information on the antimicrobial strength of three common antibiotics against a range of common pathogens:
- Penicillin: Penicillin is effective against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. However, it is less effective against Gram-negative bacteria due to their outer membrane. The antimicrobial strength of penicillin can vary depending on the specific type (e.g., penicillin G, amoxicillin) and the susceptibility of the bacteria. Some bacteria have developed resistance to penicillin through the production of beta-lactamase enzymes.
- Ciprofloxacin: Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is effective against a broad spectrum of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is often used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. However, some bacteria have developed resistance to ciprofloxacin, and it is not effective against certain strains of bacteria like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
- Azithromycin: Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria. It is often used to treat respiratory tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, and skin infections. Azithromycin has a longer half-life in the body, which allows for once-daily dosing. However, like other antibiotics, resistance to azithromycin can develop.
It’s important to note that the choice of antibiotic should be based on the type of infection and the susceptibility of the bacteria causing it. The antimicrobial strength of an antibiotic may also vary based on factors such as the patient’s age, underlying health conditions, and any potential drug interactions or allergies. Additionally, overuse or misuse of antibiotics can contribute to antibiotic resistance, which is a growing global health concern. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when prescribed by a healthcare professional, and patients should complete the full course of treatment as directed to ensure effective treatment and minimize the risk of resistance development.