Comparative Study Of Compressive Strengths Of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Using Different Curing Methods
In this study, we analyze the compressive strengths of palm kernel shell concrete under various curing methods to assess their effectiveness in enhancing concrete performance. Employing different curing techniques such as water immersion, air curing, and steam curing, we evaluate the compressive strength characteristics of the concrete samples. Through comparative analysis, we explore how each curing method influences the structural integrity and durability of the palm kernel shell concrete. This investigation aims to provide insights into optimizing curing practices to enhance the overall quality and performance of sustainable concrete materials.
This study considered comparative study of different methods of curing on
compressive strength of concrete using palm kenel shell. Concrete cube specimens of mix
1:1:2 were prepared with water-cement ratio of 0.55. The cubes were cured using four
methods (Ponding curing, Sprinkling curing, Wet-curing (Saw dust) and Open-Air curing)
for testing ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days when their compressive strengths were
determined. The results showed that Ponding curing method has the highest compressive
strength at 28days curing of 17.07N/mm2, followed by Sprinkling curing of 15.78N/mm2.
Wet-curing method has compressive strength of 14.48N/mm2 and Open-air curing has
compressive strength of 13.11N/mm2. This shows that there is significant difference in the
curing methods.
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Statement 3
1.2 Aim of the stud 3
1.3 Objectives of the study 3
1.4 Justification of the Study 3
1.5 Scope 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Palm Kernel Shell 6
2.2 Species of Palm Kernel Shell 7
2.3 Make-up of Palm Kernel Shell 9
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Material used 11
3.1.1 Cement 11
3.1.2 Water 11
3.1.3 Fine aggregate 12
3.2 Methods curing 12
3.1.1 Ponding Curing 12
3.1.2 Sprinkling Curing 13
3.1.3 Wet-covering curing 14
3.1.4 Totally uncured (Open-air curing) 15
3.3 Mix design of concrete 16
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion 17
4.1 Particle Size Distribution 17
4.2 Water Absorption 19
4.3 Specific Gravity 20
4.4 Slump test 21
4.5 Compressive strength 22
4.6 Statistical Analysis of Compressive Strength 33
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion 34
5.1 Recommendation 34
References 35
INTRODUCTION
To cure Concrete is to provide concrete with adequate moisture and temperature to
foster cement hydration for a period of time. Proper curing of concrete is crucial to obtaining
design strength and maximum durability, especially for concrete exposed to extreme
environmental conditions at an early age (James et al., 2002). (Teo et al., 2006) defined
curing as the process of controlling the rate and extent of moisture loss from concrete during
cement hydration. High curing temperature (up to 212ºF or 100ºC) generally accelerates
cement hydration and concrete strength gain at early age. Curing temperature below 50ºF
(10ºC) are not desirable for early age strength development. When the curing temperature
is below 14ºF (-10ºC) the cement hydration process may cease. Concrete needs to be kept
for a longer time in formwork when cast in cold weather condition (ACI Committee 308,2000).
On the whole, the strength of concrete, its durability and other physical properties are
affected by curing and application of the various types as it relates to the prevailing weather
condition in a particular locality, as curing is only one of many requirements for concrete
production, it is important to study the curing method of palm kernel shell concrete which
best adapts to each individual casting process.
The construction industry relies heavily on conventional materials which include
cement, crushed rock aggregate and sand or quarry dust for the production of concrete. In
the United Kingdom alone, almost 146 million tonnes of sand, gravel and crushed rock
aggregates were reportedly mined for construction in 2011 (Department for Communities and Local Government, 2013).
In the light of the above, large quantities of cracked palm kernel shells (PKS) are
therefore generated by the producers. Palm kernel shells are obtained after extraction of the
palm oil, the nuts are broken and the kernels are removed with the shells mostly left as
waste. Palm kernel shells are hard stony endocarps that surround the kernel and the shells
come in different shapes and sizes (Alangaram et al., 2008). These shells are mainly of two
types the “Dura” and “Tenera”. The Tenera is a hybrid which has specially been developed
to yield high oil content and it has a thin shell thickness compared to Dura type (Dagwa and
Ibhadode, 2008). The use of materials such as rice husk, bagasse, palm kernel shell powder,
etc. as fillers and/ or reinforcement agents in polymers and composite materials manufacture
such as in brake pads have been reported by several authors (Aigbodion et al., 2010).
Natural sand and crushed gravels have been used for many years as aggregates for
concrete production due to their availability across the country. However, the high demand
for normal weight concrete for construction continues to drastically reduce the natural stone
deposits and consequently damage the environment. The introduction of artificial and natural
lightweight aggregates (LWA) to replace conventional aggregates for the production of
concrete in many developed countries, has brought immense benefits in the development of
infrastructure, especially, high rise structures using lightweight concrete (Mahmud et al.,
2009).
The high cost of building materials in the developing countries of the world can be
reduced to a minimum by the use of alternative materials that are cheap, locally available in
most countries and which bring about a reduction in the overall dead weight of the building.
Some industrial and agricultural bye-products that have little or no economic benefit could
gainfully be used as building materials.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Many problems are associated with concrete with inadequate curing practices.
Typically, the most common curing-related distress of concrete is plastic shrinkage cracking.
Fresh concrete exposed to hot, windy and arid environment are most easily to show such
kind of distress at the surface area. Particularly, when the moisture evaporation rate at the
top surface of concrete exceeds the rate at which the moisture is supplied through the
concrete bleeding process (the process where excessive mixing water are forced to go
upward due to the settlement of aggregate and cement particles), plastic shrinkage cracking
is easily formed from the failure to resist the stresses induced by the volumetric contraction
of concrete due to moisture loss before enough strength has been developed.
1.2 AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research work is to carry out a comparative study on the compressive
strength of palm kernel shell concrete using different curing methods
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of this research work are:
1. To determine the workability of fresh concrete made from palm kernel shell.
2. To determine the physical properties of concrete produce with palm kernel shell using
four (4) different curing methods.
3. To carry out statistical analysis on the results of compressive strength of concrete
from the four (4) different types of curing methods for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This research will help to discover how curing types affect the compressive strengths
of palm kernel shell concrete.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this research work is limited to the comparative study of the compressive
strength of palm kernel shell concrete using four (4) different curing methods
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Compressive Strengths Of Palm Kernel Shell Concrete Using Different Curing Methods:
The compressive strength of concrete is a critical property that indicates its ability to withstand axial loads or forces. Curing methods play a significant role in the development of concrete strength, including palm kernel shell concrete. Palm kernel shell concrete is a type of lightweight concrete that uses palm kernel shells as a partial replacement for conventional aggregates. Here are some common curing methods and their effects on the compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete:
- Water Curing: Water curing is one of the most traditional and effective methods for curing concrete. It involves keeping the concrete surface continuously moist by sprinkling, ponding, or covering it with wet materials (such as burlap or wet sand) for an extended period, typically 7, 14, or 28 days. Water curing provides adequate moisture for the hydration of cement particles, promoting proper strength development. It is generally recommended for palm kernel shell concrete.
- Wet Burlap or Cloth Curing: Wet burlap or cloth curing is a variation of water curing. Wet burlap or cloth is placed over the concrete surface, and it is continuously kept moist by regularly wetting it. This method is often used when a continuous water source is not readily available. It can be effective for palm kernel shell concrete if done consistently.
- Ponding: Ponding involves creating shallow ponds or dams around the concrete surface and filling them with water. This method helps maintain a constant supply of moisture to the concrete. Ponding can be a suitable curing method for palm kernel shell concrete.
- Steam Curing: Steam curing is a controlled method of accelerating the curing process by applying heat and moisture. It is typically used in precast concrete production but can also be applied to in-situ concrete. Steam curing can significantly increase early-age compressive strength but may require specialized equipment and expertise.
- Membrane Curing: Membrane curing involves covering the concrete surface with a moisture-retaining membrane, such as curing compounds or plastic sheets. This method helps to reduce moisture loss from the concrete surface. It is often used in hot and dry climates but may not be as effective for palm kernel shell concrete, which benefits from consistent moisture.
- Air Curing: Air curing is the least effective method for concrete curing and is generally not recommended for palm kernel shell concrete. It involves leaving the concrete exposed to the atmosphere without any additional moisture or protection. This can result in reduced strength development and increased cracking, especially in a dry climate.
The choice of curing method for palm kernel shell concrete should consider factors such as climate, available resources, and project requirements. Proper curing is crucial for achieving the desired compressive strength and durability of the concrete, regardless of the type of aggregates used.