Design And Construction A 2KVA Stabilizer
Designing and constructing a 2KVA stabilizer involves the meticulous integration of various components to ensure a reliable and efficient voltage regulation system. A stabilizer, in the context of electrical engineering, serves as a crucial apparatus to maintain a steady voltage output, safeguarding connected devices from potential damage caused by fluctuations in the power supply. The process encompasses selecting high-quality transformers, capacitors, and voltage regulators, each playing a pivotal role in stabilizing the voltage. The transformer acts as the core element, stepping up or down the voltage as required, while capacitors enhance the stability by smoothing out voltage fluctuations. Additionally, the voltage regulator ensures precise control over the output voltage. The design must consider the specific requirements of a 2KVA stabilizer, addressing power capacity and load fluctuations. The construction phase involves skillfully assembling these components, incorporating safety features and quality control measures to produce a robust and reliable 2KVA stabilizer for various electrical applications.
This project is titled the design and construction of a 2KVA AC Stabilizer. It is designed to meet up with the AC voltage safety, stability and accuracy demand in industries and in homes. Voltage stabilizers are useful in devices such as computer Power supplies, alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant
The output voltage of this device is manually controlled by changing the transformer tap from time to depending upon the voltage condition, which keep varying quite frequently.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
1.6 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- OVERVIEW OF AN AUTOTRANSFORMER
- OPERATION OF AN AUTOTRANSFORMER
- LIMITATIONS OF AN AUTOTRANSFORMER
- OVERVIEW OF SERVOMECHANISM
- THEORY OF TRANSFORMER
- VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER RATION (K)
- TRANSFORMER LOSSES
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
- CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
- COMPONENTS LIST
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING SECTION
- SYSTEM TESTING
- DESIGN PRECAUTION
CHAPTER FIVE
- DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In Nigeria and some other parts of the world today, the electricity power supply to consumers (at homes and industries) are not maintained at a stipulated voltage say 220 volts. But the electronics gadgets and some other power operated machines, that we use in our homes, offices and industries requires power with constant or nearly constant voltage for their efficiency, and to avoid damage by the voltage.
voltage stabilizer which is also known as tap-changers, is used to regulate the voltage on AC power distribution lines. This stabilizer operate by using a servomechanism to select the appropriate tap on an autotransformer with multiple taps, or by moving the wiper on a continuously variable auto transfomer. If the output voltage is not in the acceptable range, the servomechanism switches the tap, changing the turns ratio of the transformer, to move the secondary voltage into the acceptable region. The controls provide a dead band wherein the controller will not act, preventing the controller from constantly adjusting the voltage (“hunting”) as it varies by an acceptably small amount.
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
There are many fundamental different types of stabilizers in use some of which are electron mechanically tap changer, solid state tap changer etc. voltage, stabilizer came into being not by normal design and plain, but as a means of solving electrical “Crisis” situation. This crisis situation does rarely occur in developed countries of the world such as Britain, American, Germany.
Their system of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity is such that a devoid of variation of fluctuation in the supplied voltage. Now, by the definition given by K.G Jackson and R. Feinberg, a voltage stabilizer is a piece device incorporated in a circuit to maintain a constant output voltage from a poorly generated power supply. A voltage stabilizer like any other piece of equipment is a combination of many electrical and like any other piece of equipment is a combination of many electrical and electronic and circuit with the aim of getting the assemble to perform a specified desired task or function.
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to construct a device whose function is to maintain constant voltage and power line conditioning to the equipment load under a wide variety of conditions, even when the utility input voltage, frequency or system load vary widely. It operate by using a servomechanism to select the appropriate tap on an autotransformer with multiple taps, or by moving the wiper on a continuously variable auto transformer
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The stabilizer is a device planned to mechanically sustain a constant voltage level. It is very device to maintain a constant voltage level. It can also use electromechanical components. It can be used majorly to regulate one or more DC or AC depending on the design. Therefore, the functions of this equipment are very wide and can be used majorly for various purposes. Electronic voltage stabilizer can be used majorly for various purposes. It has various functions like it can be used mainly for stabilizing the DC voltages that can be used by the processor and its main parts. In central power station generator plants and automobile alternators, stabilizer control the output of the plant. In this distribution system, it may be installed at along distribution lines so that all clients recognize steady voltage self-regulating of how much power is drawn from the line. There are many functions of operating the AC depending upon the design. It is very good option to maintain the constant voltage level. Stabilizer is a superb invention of science, which is an electric device designed to authorize a constant voltage in a settable level. It is very helpful to maintain the preferred voltage for the generators within particular limits. The main working of it depends upon the laws of electromechanical physics. It consists of numerous vigorous and unreceptive electrical parts like thermostats, adopters and diodes. They have different sizes, shapes and colors. There are also stabilizer which are so small that they can be easily places on a small printed circuit board. They are very easy and portable to handle. They may cover a higher volume of small house sometimes.
1.4 THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The design and construction of a stabilizer is the project we are constructing. We are working on this machine because we have some idea on how this machine can be constructed and also on how it works. We are also doing this because we want to learn more about it.
As we have mentioned earlier, this device is a protective device that protects our electrical and electronic appliances out of current and voltage fluctuation by maintaining a steady output voltage. This is how it works. When this system is plugged into the socket or supply, it will receive a minimum voltage and filter the current and voltage thereby brings out suitable voltage output to be used by the devices in it.
So, we are building or constructing this device to reduce risk and damages the fluctuation of current / voltage caused by power fluctuations.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The system design shall be capable of:
Operating Frequency: The stabilizer shall be capable of operating at +10% to -15% of the nominal frequency, 50Hz or 60Hz.
Rating: this device shall be rated at kVA.
Access Requirements: The shall have removable panels on the front, rear and sides as required for ease of maintenance and/or repair.
Metering: An input meter is provided to indicate line voltages
Ventilation: The isolation transformer shall be designed for convection cooling. If fan cooling is required for the solid state electronic switching devices.
1.6 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The device is not automatic instead it is analogue in nature, that is, it can only give out the rated output voltage by selecting the required transformer tap using servomechanism. A servomechanism is used to select the appropriate tap on an autotransformer with multiple taps, or by moving the wiper on a continuously variable auto transformer.
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Design And Construction A 2KVA Stabilizer:
A stabilizer is an electrical device used to maintain a constant voltage output even when the input voltage fluctuates. Voltage stabilizers are crucial in areas where the power supply is unreliable or where sensitive equipment requires a stable power source. Designing and constructing a 2KVA (2000 volt-ampere) stabilizer involves understanding the principles of voltage regulation, selecting appropriate components, and assembling them in a reliable and efficient manner.
Definition of a Stabilizer:
A stabilizer, also known as a voltage regulator, is an electrical device designed to maintain a constant voltage output despite fluctuations in the input voltage. It ensures that the voltage supplied to electrical equipment remains within a specified range, protecting them from damage due to overvoltage or undervoltage conditions.
Design Considerations:
- Voltage Regulation: The primary function of the stabilizer is to regulate the voltage within a narrow range. For a 2KVA stabilizer, the output voltage should ideally remain stable within ±5% of the nominal voltage (e.g., 220V for single-phase systems).
- Load Capacity: A 2KVA stabilizer should be capable of handling loads up to 2000 volt-amperes without overheating or voltage drop.
- Efficiency: Efficiency is crucial to minimize energy losses and heat generation. High-quality components and efficient circuit design are essential for achieving good efficiency.
- Voltage Correction Speed: The stabilizer should respond quickly to voltage fluctuations to ensure continuous and stable operation of connected equipment.
- Reliability: The stabilizer should be durable and reliable, capable of withstanding continuous operation under varying conditions without failure.
Components Required:
- Transformer: A transformer is used to step down or step up the voltage as required. For a 2KVA stabilizer, a suitable transformer capable of handling 2000VA is needed.
- Voltage Regulator: This can be achieved using either electromechanical relays or solid-state electronic components such as transistors or integrated circuits (ICs).
- Voltage Sensing Circuit: A circuit to sense the input voltage and compare it with the desired output voltage is necessary for regulating the output.
- Control Circuit: The control circuit processes the feedback from the voltage sensing circuit and adjusts the output voltage accordingly.
- Cooling System: As stabilizers tend to generate heat, especially under high loads, a cooling system such as a fan or heat sink may be required to dissipate heat efficiently.
- Enclosure: An enclosure is needed to house all the components securely and provide protection from environmental factors.
Construction Steps:
- Transformer Selection: Choose a transformer with a suitable rating (2KVA) and primary and secondary voltages compatible with the input and output voltage requirements.
- Voltage Regulation Circuit: Depending on the design preference, assemble either an electromechanical or solid-state voltage regulation circuit. For solid-state designs, integrated voltage regulator ICs can be used for precise control.
- Voltage Sensing and Control Circuit: Construct the voltage sensing circuit using appropriate sensors and feedback mechanisms. This circuit compares the input voltage with the desired output voltage and sends signals to the voltage regulation circuit for adjustments.
- Assembly of Components: Mount the transformer, voltage regulation circuit, sensing circuit, control circuit, and cooling system inside the enclosure. Ensure proper insulation and spacing to prevent electrical hazards.
- Wiring: Connect the input and output terminals of the stabilizer to the mains power supply and the load, respectively. Use appropriate gauge wires capable of handling the maximum current and voltage.
- Testing: Before putting the stabilizer into service, thoroughly test its performance under various load conditions and input voltage fluctuations. Measure the output voltage stability and ensure that the stabilizer responds quickly to changes in input voltage.
- Finalization: Once testing is complete and the stabilizer meets the desired specifications, finalize the assembly by securing all components and closing the enclosure.
Conclusion:
Designing and constructing a 2KVA stabilizer requires careful consideration of voltage regulation principles, component selection, and assembly techniques. By following the outlined steps and paying attention to key design considerations, a reliable and efficient stabilizer can be built to provide stable voltage output for sensitive electrical equipment. Regular maintenance and testing are essential to ensure continued performance and reliability of the stabilizer over its operational life