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Design And Construction Of A 2KVA Power Inverter

Electrical Electronics Engineering | Industrial Physics | Physics

The design and construction of a 2KVA power inverter involves several key steps and components. First, the inverter needs to be designed with a suitable topology, such as a push-pull or full-bridge configuration, to efficiently convert DC power from a battery or other source into AC power. Components such as high-power transistors (MOSFETs or IGBTs), transformers, capacitors, and control circuitry are essential for proper operation. The inverter’s design should prioritize efficiency, reliability, and safety, considering factors like thermal management and overload protection. Construction involves assembling the chosen components according to the design specifications, ensuring proper insulation, heat dissipation, and connection integrity. Rigorous testing and optimization are crucial to verify performance, stability, and compliance with output voltage and frequency standards. Additionally, incorporating features like voltage regulation, output waveform shaping, and fault detection enhances the inverter’s versatility and usability, making it suitable for various applications, including backup power systems, renewable energy integration, and mobile power solutions.

This project is titled the design and construction of a DC to AC inverter system. It is designed to meet up with the power demand in the offices and in homes in the absence of power supply from the national supply authority, NEPA. In order words the device / item serves as a substitute for NEPA which almost monopolises the power supply to people.

It is designed in such a way that it will take up 12v DC from battery and inverts it to an output of 230v, 50Hz AC. It makes no noise during operation and no hazardous carbon monoxide is generated in the surrounding.

This is a feature that makes it safe to use any where when compared to generator. Also, the circuit is capable of charging the battery (i.e 12v source) when the power from the supply authority is on. This greatly reduces the cost of operation of the system.

This work is aimed at designing a modified sine wave inverter that can be used to power appliances both in homes and industries.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.2      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.3   APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.4      SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.5      LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.6      PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.7      PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      REVIEW OF HISTORY OF AN INVERTER

2.2   REVIEW OF HOW TO CHOOSING THE RIGHT INVERTER

2.3      REVIEW OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINE WAVE AND MODIFIED SINE WAVE   INVERTER.

2.4      REVIEW OF INVERTER CAPACITY

2.5      SAFETY OF INVERTER

2.6      INVERTER RATING

2.7      WHY CHOOSE A MODIFIED SINE WAVE INVERTER?

2.8      TYPES OF INVERTER

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONSTRUCTION

3.1      BASIC DESIGNS OF AN INVERTER

3.2     BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.3      SYSTEM OPERATION

3.4      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.5      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.6     DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

3.7     HOW TO CHOOSE A RIGHT INVERTER AND BATTERY

3.8      HOW TO CHOOSE THE BEST INVERTER BATTERY

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.0      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.1      CASING AND PACKAGING

4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.4     COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSION

5.1      RECOMMENDATION

5.2      REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                       INTRODUCTION

1.1                          BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Electricity supply is one the economic infrastructural facilities that are indispensable to a nation’s economic development. The efficiency of the supply of electricity will not only influence returns on investment on existing enterprises, it also plays a major role in the creation of an economic environment which influences decisions on potential investment.

The electricity which is the main source of power for our domestic consumption, industrial development, learning centres and medical centre should really be rehabilitated into enhancement of productivity.

However power failure has resulted in people buying generators for their own daily activity. Other businesses are also not functioning due to absence of constant power supply. These are the reasons that necessitate the designing and construction of inverter and other standby system that can deliver maximum output power to the load. As society grows from simple to complex, mankind began to spread all over the earth and so it becomes necessary  to enjoy power using inverter.

Statistics have shown that the number of business that have been closed simply because of power problem and cannot be over emphasized, so mankind need inverter seriously in other to restore technology development, businesses, communications, learning centre and medical centres. However, the background of the study lies within the reason why and the construction of inverter should be forwarded and factor that enhance inverter marketability.

Finally, the success of this study will be beneficial to the society at large. Mass production of inverters will lead to improve standard of living of the populace and the nation will move forward in it pursuit of technological development.

1.2                                               PROBLEM STATEMENT

As a result of continuous power failure and fluctuation in power supply by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), sensitive appliances and system are affected by interruption power supply. Then, this project is to provide a back-up and reliable power supply of 2000va to power some selected home appliances such as computers, television set, lighting systems.

1.3                         AIM / OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this project is to design and construct a circuit that will take a 12v dc input from battery and provide a 220v ac and 2000w output that will be able to supply an electricity to a home. At the end of this work the student involved shall able:-

  1. To design a circuit that will convert dc to ac power for various appliances used in domestic home.
  2. To provide a noiseless source of electricity generation.
  • To have a source of generating electricity that has no negative effect on the environment (i.e. no greenhouse effect).
  1. To provide a source of electricity power with low maintenance cost and zero fuel cost.

1.4                                           PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to provide a means of having a backup power supply by building an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

1.5                                 PROJECT MOTIVATION

Inverters are the best when it comes to back-up since they can come up very fast and they generate little or no noise unlike generator. Even in an area with constant power supply, power outage due to natural cause and faults are usually unannounced. It is therefore very important to prevent causalities and loss of goodwill by having a reliable back-up power installed.

1.6                                       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

In the recent years, power inverter has become a major power source due to its environmental and economic benefits and proven reliability.

Power inverter is produced by connecting the device on the 12VDC battery as the input to produce 220VAC as the required output. It can also be connected to solar panel.

Second, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Power inverter uses only the power of the battery as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.

1.7                                              SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

A power inverter is a power conversion device. It converts fixed direct current (DC) voltage to frequency sinusoidal alternating current (AC) voltage output.

Power inverters are used to power and control the speed, torque, acceleration, deceleration, and direction of the motor. The use of inverter has become prevalent in wide range of industrial applications; from motion control applications to ventilation systems, waste water processing facilities to machining areas, and many others. Though power inverters offer lower operating costs and higher efficiency, they are not without their problems.

The waveform of this work is modified sine wave. The modified sine wave output of such an inverter is the sum of two square waves one of which is phase shifted 90 degrees relative to the other. The result is three level waveform with equal intervals of zero volts; peak positive volts; zero volts; peak negative volts and then zero volts. This sequence is repeated. The resultant wave very roughly resembles the shape of a sine wave.

1.8                                         LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

  • Expensive when compared to traditional generators
  • The inverter can power a few appliances for a short period
  • The input is limited to 12VDC, output to 230VAC and the frequency to 50Hz

1.9                                       APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

The applications and uses of a power inverter are as follows:

  1. DC power source utilization
  2. Uninterruptible power supplies
  • Induction heating
  1. HVDC power transmission
  2. Variable-frequency drives
  3. Electric vehicle drives
  • Air conditioning
  • Electroshock weapons

1.10                                     METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved.

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency. The block diagram and the working principle of the project was studied, followed by drafting out a schematic diagram and arrangement the entire materials / components on the vero board, testing the completed system to see if the design works and finally, implementation of design of the project.

1.11                                      PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a power inverter. In this chapter, the background, significance, aim/objective problem statement, purpose, application, limitation and problem of a power inverter were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a power inverter. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

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MORE DESCRIPTION:

A power inverter is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) power from a battery or solar panel into alternating current (AC) power, which is commonly used to operate household appliances, tools, and other electrical devices. In this guide, we will outline the design and construction process of a 2KVA (2000 volt-ampere) power inverter. This project involves several key components and stages, including circuit design, component selection, construction, and testing.

Definition of Terms:

  1. Power Inverter: A power inverter is an electronic device that converts DC power into AC power. It is commonly used in off-grid and backup power systems to supply AC power from a DC source such as a battery or solar panel.
  2. 2KVA: KVA stands for Kilovolt-ampere, which is a unit of apparent power. A 2KVA power inverter can deliver up to 2000 volt-amperes of power.

Design Process:

  1. Load Calculation: Determine the maximum power consumption of the load that the inverter will be supplying. This will help determine the power rating of the inverter. For a 2KVA inverter, the maximum load capacity would be 2000 watts.
  2. Circuit Design: Design the circuitry of the inverter, including the DC-to-AC conversion stage, oscillator, driver stage, and protection circuitry. The circuit should be capable of handling the required power output and provide stable AC output voltage and frequency.
  3. Component Selection: Select suitable components for the inverter circuit, including power transistors or MOSFETs for switching, transformers, capacitors, resistors, and diodes. Choose components that can handle the required power levels and have low losses to maximize efficiency.
  4. Construction: Assemble the components on a printed circuit board (PCB) according to the circuit design. Pay close attention to the layout and routing of traces to minimize interference and ensure proper cooling of high-power components.
  5. Testing: Test the inverter circuit under various load conditions to ensure proper operation and performance. Measure the output voltage, frequency, and waveform using an oscilloscope. Conduct load tests to verify the inverter’s ability to handle the maximum rated load without overheating or voltage drop.
  6. Optimization: Fine-tune the circuit parameters and component values to optimize efficiency, output voltage regulation, and reliability. Make adjustments as necessary based on the testing results.

Construction Steps:

  1. Prepare the Components: Gather all the required components for the inverter circuit, including the PCB, power transistors or MOSFETs, transformer, capacitors, resistors, diodes, and heat sinks.
  2. PCB Assembly: Start by soldering the smaller components such as resistors, diodes, and capacitors onto the PCB. Follow the circuit diagram and component placement guidelines carefully to avoid errors.
  3. Mounting Power Transistors: Mount the power transistors or MOSFETs onto the heat sinks using thermal compound to ensure good thermal conductivity. Attach the heat sinks to the PCB using screws or clips.
  4. Transformer Connection: Connect the primary and secondary windings of the transformer to the appropriate points on the PCB. Ensure proper insulation and secure connections to prevent short circuits.
  5. Input and Output Connections: Install terminals or connectors for the DC input (battery or solar panel) and AC output. Use heavy-duty terminals capable of handling the rated current and voltage.
  6. Final Assembly: Mount the PCB and other components inside a suitable enclosure to protect against dust, moisture, and accidental contact. Provide ventilation holes or fans for cooling if necessary.
  7. Testing and Calibration: Power up the inverter and test its operation under various load conditions. Measure the output voltage, frequency, and waveform using appropriate test equipment. Calibrate the inverter if needed to ensure accurate voltage regulation and frequency stability.
  8. Safety Precautions: Follow safety guidelines and precautions when working with high-voltage and high-power circuits. Use insulated tools, wear protective gear, and avoid working alone when testing the inverter.
  9. Documentation: Keep detailed documentation of the construction process, including circuit diagrams, component datasheets, assembly instructions, and test results. This information will be valuable for troubleshooting and future reference.

Conclusion:

Designing and constructing a 2KVA power inverter requires careful planning, component selection, and assembly to ensure reliable operation and performance. By following the steps outlined in this guide and paying attention to safety precautions, you can build a high-quality inverter suitable for various off-grid and backup power applications. Continuous testing, optimization, and documentation are essential for achieving the desired results and troubleshooting any issues that may arise during the construction process