Design And Construction Of A Fire Alarm System And Control

Electrical Electronics Engineering | Industrial Physics | Physics

The design and construction of a fire alarm system and control involve the integration of various components aimed at detecting, alerting, and managing fire emergencies within a structure. This process encompasses the selection and installation of sensors, such as smoke and heat detectors, strategically positioned throughout the building to promptly identify potential fire hazards. These sensors are connected to a central control panel, which serves as the nerve center of the system, processing incoming signals and initiating appropriate responses, such as sounding alarms, activating sprinkler systems, and communicating with emergency services. Additionally, the system may incorporate features like manual pull stations for immediate activation, emergency lighting for safe evacuation routes, and interfacing with building management systems for comprehensive oversight. Through meticulous planning and implementation, a robust fire alarm system and control can safeguard lives and property by swiftly detecting and mitigating fire incidents.

ABSTRACT

This project is titled design and construction of an automatic fire alarm. Fire alarm is an electronics device that is stored in a building to detect the presence of fire accident. An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

This fire alarm system composes of light dependent resistor (LDR) which works as a smoke sensor. Light dependent resistor is a type of resistor with high resistance in the presence of light and which reduces in its resistance when smoke passes through the surface.

The aim of this project is to design and construct a fire alarm for a building that will detect the presence of fire accident in a building.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In modern society, it is impossible to imagine house or building without a fire accident detector. Modern houses require a continuous installation of fire detector. Not only industry, but also in the household. Take the case of a duplex that experience a fire accident without a detector that means everything in that building will get burnt even human beings. But in a case whereby fire alarm is installed that means every one in that building will be alerted and also fire security bodies will also be informed for quick security action. The same thing can also happen to our offices and industries. In order to notify residence of any building in the presence of fire accident, a fire alarm system is used.

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to construct a device that will detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion.

1.2 ADVANTAGES OF FIRE ALRM SYSTEM

The primary advantage of a home fire alarm system is increased reliability and the ability to place alarms and bells exactly where needed. However, the reason most people have them is that they wanted a burglar alarm system and the cost of adding fire alarm features to a residential burglary system is relatively small.

Another advantage is that they are the only way to obtain remote monitoring services. This becomes important in cases where family members may not be capable of escaping from a fire without assistance. For example, if you have an older or physically impaired person in your home and a fire started when no one was home to assist that person, alarms alone might not be enough to assure their safety.

A feature of most monitoring services is the ability to keep special information on the residence which comes up on the computer screen whenever an alarm is received from that home. Thus, if there is a disabled person in the home who needs special assistance this fact will be known to the operator and can be passed along to the fire department when they are called

1.3 PARTS OF FIRE ALARM

Fire alarm composed of the following parts:

Primary Power supply: Commonly the non-switched 240 Volt Alternating Current source supplied from a commercial power utility. In non-residential applications, a branch circuit is dedicated to the fire alarm system and its constituents. “Dedicated branch circuits” should not be confused with “Individual branch circuits” which supply energy to a single appliance.
Secondary (backup) Power supplies: This component, commonly consisting of sealed lead-acid storage batteries or other emergency sources including generators, is used to supply energy in the event of a primary power failure.
Initiating Devices: This component acts as an input to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically actuated. Examples would be devices pull stations, heat detectors, or smoke detectors. Heat and smoke detectors have different categories of both kinds.