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Design And Construction Of A Single Phase Three Source Microcontroller Based Automatic Change Over Switch

Electrical Electronics Engineering | Engineering

The design and construction of a single-phase three-source microcontroller-based automatic changeover switch involves integrating a microcontroller system with appropriate sensors and relays to enable seamless switching between three power sources. This automated system utilizes sensors to detect power input variations, such as voltage levels or frequency deviations, and triggers the microcontroller to initiate the switch to an alternative power source when necessary. Through careful circuit design and programming, the microcontroller manages the switching process efficiently, ensuring uninterrupted power supply to the load. Key components include voltage sensors, current sensors, a microcontroller unit (MCU) such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi, solid-state relays or electromechanical relays, and an interface for user control and monitoring. By implementing this system, users can enjoy reliable and uninterrupted power supply, particularly in scenarios where multiple power sources are available, such as mains, generator, and renewable energy systems.

DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my — for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor — for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my — and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor Mr. — for his kindness in supervising this project. My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. —, and Dr. —. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of — among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. — and the —. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister —, my lovely friends mercy —, —, — and many others who were quite helpful.

ABSTRACT

Power failure or outage in general does not promote development to public and private sectors. This paper presents the design and construction of an automatic power change-over switch that switches Power supply from main supply to another standby supply and it does this automatically using microcontroller. This device eliminates the challenge of a manual change-over system. A voltage sensing circuits, relay, LCD, were all coordinated using a microcontroller. An automatic power changeover system designed and implemented basically disconnects load from its power source and transfers it to a standby power source, in the advent of a power failure. This transfer is done at a very high switching speed such that minimal change occasioned by the transfer process goes unnoticed. It also incorporates a generator shutdown terminal that switches off the generator after the Mains power supply has been restored. This process is controlled by a microcontroller that keeps sensing to detect the availability of power supply on the Main supply line. The system is also fitted with an AC voltmeter that correctly reads the analogue voltage supplied by the power source and displays it on a seven segment display module.

Key words: Single Phase Preventing, Switching, Microcontroller.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGY

2.2 REVIEW OF EXISTING SYSTEM

2.3 REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS EXISTING SYSTEM

2.4 REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

2.5 DESCRIPTION OF A RELAY

2.6 HISTORY OF POWER FAILURE AND SYSTEM RELIABILITY

2.7 TYPES OF POWER FAILURE

2.8 PROTECTING THE POWER SYSTEM FROM FAILURE

2.9 REVIEW OF THE THREE DIFFERENT SUPPLIES

2.10 SUMMARY OF REVIEWED WORKS

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

3.3 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.4 SYSTEM FLOWCHART

3.5 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

3.7 SIMULATION

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CASING

4.4 ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT

4.5 PROJECT VIABILITY

4.6 PROJECT RELIABILITY

4.7 PROJECT MAINTAINABILITY

4.8 PROJECT EVALUATION

4.9 TESTING

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATION
FUTURE SCOPE

5.3 REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

An automatic power changeover system designed and implemented basically disconnects load from its power source and transfers it to a standby power source, in the advent of a power failure. This transfer is done at a very high switching speed such that minimal change occasioned by the transfer process goes unnoticed. It also incorporates a generator shutdown terminal that switches off the generator after the mains power supply has been restored. This process is controlled by a controller that keeps sensing to detect the availability of power supply on the Main supply line. The system is also fitted with an AC voltmeter that correctly reads the analogue voltage supplied by the power source and displays it on a seven segment display module. The power change-over switch is a device that detects when the electrical energy from the mains power supply is cut off and subsequently switching on the power generator. Basically it is aimed at switching on a more convenient power supply to the load. Since it switches on power to the load, precautions has to be taken while choosing the type of change-over switch, of power generator to supply electrical energy that would power their homes whenever the supply from the electricity company is cut off. A power change-over switch enables this transfer. Power change-over switches can be operated manually in order words whenever there is power failure, an individual can shift a handheld lever that would open contact on the main power supply line and close contact on the power generator line. This process consumes time and puts such an operator at risk of electrical hazards.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the last decay, switching from mains supply to solar inverter and vice –versa is done manually, and this involves labour, wastes time and at the same time can expose the operator to risk of electric shock. However, this device was invented to solve this problem, it switches automatically between the mains supply and solar inverter when the need arise.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this project is to design a device that will provide uninterrupted power supply to a load, by selecting the supply source automatically from any available one out of three sources (that is, solar, main and generator in other to ensure uninterruptible power supply. This is done by using microcontroller, relay, switches and LCD. The objectives are:

To have a constant power supply.
To protect our investment by ensuring a steady power supply

To study relays and their connections

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This project provides an effective solution to provide an alternative power supply during frequent power cuts.

Building this device is a way of minimizing damage to lives/equipment since it has its own monitoring system and its switching requires no human contact with the switch, thus eliminating human error.

It reduces its change over timing to the minimum due to its fast response to power outage.

It maintains high quality of service through its fast and prompt response.

Moreover, the size and captivity of the unit will depend upon the load for which it will be used. The unit is also portable, easy, convenient and safe to install.

1.5 APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

This system could be used in that places where we have different sources of supply such as solar, main and generator.
This system could be used in industries for supplying the uninterruptable power supply to the industrial machines.
This system could be used in educational institutes and hospitals for supplying the uninterruptable power supply to the hospital or educational equipment.
This system is more compact and reliable as compared to the electrical ATS panels.
This system is less costly as compared to the other power control systems.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this study covers building a three sourced input to single output device using arduino microcontroller that provides input signals to it. A relay driver is used that receives microcontroller generated output and switches that particular relay to provide continuous power supply. A lamp is used as a load for demonstration purpose which draws power from main. When main fails to supply power, automatically next available source is used say inverter or generator. If inverter fails then the next one is used and so on. An LCD is also used to display which source is being currently used for power supply.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHANGEOVER: Generally, a changeover is a system which could be operated manually or automatically , that changes one source of power supply to another source in case of power failure from either of the four sources.

RELAY: relay is one of the major components used in this work which is an electrical device, typically incorporating an electromagnet, which is activated by a current or signal in one circuit to open or close another circuit.

POWER FLUCTUATIONS: is a periodic dip or spikes in the electrical current of any given circuit.

POWER FAILURE: is a short- or long-term loss of the electric power to an area.

1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of this study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

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