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Design And Construction Of A Speed Sensor

Electrical Electronics Engineering | Industrial Physics | Physics

The design and construction of a speed sensor encompass a comprehensive process involving the integration of various components and technologies to accurately measure the velocity of an object. At its core, a speed sensor typically comprises a sensing element, such as a Hall Effect sensor or a magnetic pickup, which detects changes in magnetic fields or other physical parameters induced by the motion of the target object. This sensor is often coupled with signal conditioning circuitry to amplify and filter the detected signals for improved accuracy and reliability. Additionally, microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSPs) are commonly utilized to process the sensor data, calculate speed values, and interface with external systems or displays. Mechanical considerations such as the mounting arrangement and housing design are crucial to ensure the sensor’s durability and compatibility with the intended application, whether it’s automotive, industrial machinery, or robotics. Furthermore, calibration procedures and quality control measures are essential to validate the sensor’s performance and maintain consistency across different operating conditions. Overall, the design and construction of a speed sensor involve a meticulous integration of sensing technology, signal processing, mechanical engineering, and quality assurance practices to deliver precise and reliable speed measurement capabilities.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
PROBLEM STATEMENT
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     OVERVIEW OF RECKLESS DRIVING
2.2     THE EFFECTS OF RECKLESS DRIVING
2.3     OVERVIEW OF SPEED LIMIT

2.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SPEED LIMIT
2.5 ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3 SYSTEM OPERATION

3.4 COMPONENTS LIST

3.5 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND TEST ANALYSIS

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS

4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.4 PACKAGING

4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE

4.6 TESTING

4.7 RESULT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS

5.2 REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

While driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the maximum speed limit permitted for their vehicle. However, accidents keep occurring due to speed violations since the drivers tend to ignore their speedometers.

Rash driving is the cause of many road accidents all over the world. The traffic population has increased considerably in Nigeria as there is no means to control or monitor the speed of vehicles running on roads. This system proves highly effective in detection of over-speed driving. It is not at all necessary that such accidents are results of driving under the influence of alcohol as even a person who hasn’t consumed alcohol can drive in a reckless manner [3]-[5]. To overcome this problem and decrease death rate due to accidents, introduction of new and innovative speed enforcement technology is necessary

Nowadays, rash driving causes a serious danger to the driver as well as general public. Despite the fact that rash driving is a serious problem, its current methods of detection by patrol officers lack sufficiency [6], [7].

First of all, given the huge mileage of driveways, the number of patrol officers is far from enough to observe and analyze every driver’s behaviors. Second, the guidelines of rash driving patterns are only descriptive and visual observations cannot specify the details of driving at night or in poor weather.

In the present system, to detect rash driving police has to use a handheld radar gun [8],[9]and aim at the vehicle to record its speed. If the speed of the vehicle exceeds the speed limit, the nearest police station is informed to stop the speeding vehicle.

This is an ineffective process as after detecting one has to inform the same and a lot of time is wasted. With the number of vehicles increasing day by day, this method cannot be trusted with the lives of people. A wide range of sensor technologies are also available, such as inductive loops, video, ultrasonic detectors, microwave detectors and radar based detectors [11].

The history of speed enforcement is replete with examples of new enforcement techniques; subsequent negative public reaction and resistance; and finally, assuming survival through legal challenges to these techniques.

The advantage of over speed driving warning system is that it will come handy for the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s speed but will also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.

The proposed system will check on rash driving by calculating the speed of a vehicle using the time taken to travel between the two set points at a fixed distance. A set point consists of a pair of sensors comprising of an IR transmitter and an IR receiver, each of which are installed on either sides of the road. The speed limit is set by the police who use the system depending upon the traffic at the very location. The time taken by the vehicle to travel from one set point to the other is calculated by control circuit. Based on that time, it then calculates the speed and displays that on seven segment displays. Moreover if the vehicle crosses the speed limit, a buzzer sounds alerting the police. This concept can be extended in future by integrating a camera with the system which could capture the image of the number plate of the vehicle to sends that to the traffic authorities.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In past, lot of devices to detect rash driving on highways has been made. Most of the approaches require human concentration and involve a lot of effort, which is difficult to implement. In this paper we intend to design a system aimed at early detection and alert of dangerous vehicle driving patterns related to rash driving. The speed limit is set by the police who use the system depending upon the traffic at the very location. The time taken by the vehicle to travel from one set point to the other is calculated by control circuit and displays that on seven segment displays. Moreover, if the vehicle crosses the speed limit, a buzzer sounds alerting the police.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s speed and also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

And in most of the cases main reason of accident is over-speed. Although all highways do have signboards indicating maximum speed limit for the sake of driver’s safety, but still people does not obey highway speed limit. This speed sensor will come handy for the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s speed but also sound an alarm if the vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

We have used two sensors in this project. These sensors detect the vehicle speed. Condition is that, the two sensors should be installed at a distance of 100 meters apart from one another. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD display) is connected to this project. This display will show the vehicle speed. It will also intimate user if vehicle speed crossed the maximum speed limit or not. The project also has a Buzzer. Over-speed condition is indicated by turning on the Buzzer.

1.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This can be used at Highways (National Highways, State level Highways).
This project can also be used inside university campus areas or inside any company’s premises.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

This project is valid for sequential flow of vehicles.
It is only for one-ways.

1.8 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

A CCTV Camera can be placed on the highway. If any vehicle has crossed the maximum speed limit then this camera will be triggered to take a picture of the vehicle.
We can add voice announcement system. It will intimate the driver that he/she has crossed the over speed condition.
We can implement the GSM technology. So that the nearest highway security authorities will be informed about the vehicle which has over speed.

1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction. In this chapter, the background of the work was discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.