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Design And Construction Of A Vehicle Engine Speed Sensor

The design and construction of a vehicle engine speed sensor is a complex yet crucial endeavor in automotive engineering. This sensor plays a vital role in monitoring the rotational speed of the engine’s crankshaft, providing real-time data to the Engine Control Unit (ECU) for optimal performance and efficiency. The sensor’s architecture involves intricate electronic components, such as Hall-effect sensors or magnetic reluctors, coupled with precision mechanics to ensure accurate measurement across a range of engine speeds. Engineers must consider factors like durability, temperature resistance, and compatibility with different engine types during the sensor’s design phase. Furthermore, integrating advanced signal processing algorithms and interfaces enhances the sensor’s functionality, enabling seamless integration with modern vehicle systems for improved performance and diagnostics.

ABSTRACT

This work is on vehicle speed sensor. This device gives the onboard computer information about the vehicle speed. The sensor operates on the principle of the Hall Effect and is usually mounted on the tachometer or in the gearbox. This device is supplied with +12V from the ignition key. When the tachometer speed cable rotates, the Hall switch is turned on and off consecutively, sending a rectangular signal to the onboard computer. The frequency of this signal indicates the speed of the car.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
METHODOLOGY
PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      OVERVIEW OF RECKLESS DRIVING
2.2     THE EFFECTS OF RECKLESS DRIVING
2.3     OVERVIEW OF SPEED LIMIT

2.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SPEED LIMIT
2.5 ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3 SYSTEM OPERATION

3.4 COMPONENTS LIST

3.5 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT AND TEST ANALYSIS

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS

4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.4 PACKAGING

4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE

4.6 TESTING

4.7 RESULT ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS

5.2 REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

New cars contain an engine control unit and lots of different electronic sensors which communicate with it. The transmission speed sensor (also referred to as the engine speed sensor) is one of these sensors and its job is to calculate the speed at which the wheels are rotating. This ultimately determines the speed at which the vehicle is traveling.

When we look at the speedometer on the dashboard, the speed sensor is what helps determine the current miles per hour. Meanwhile, the speed sensor sends this information to the engine control unit so that it can regulate other functions of the vehicle.

Some of these regulated functions include ignition timing, transmission shift points, and the air to fuel ratio in the internal combustion chamber.

Engine speed sensors are commonly referred to as transmission speed sensors because they are connected to the transmission. When the transmission is being used, the speed sensors will detect its gear ratio. You will actually find two speed sensors in the transmission of each new vehicle out today.

One speed sensor is called the input shaft speed sensor and the other is the output shaft speed sensor. These two sensors work together to relay information back to the engine control unit.

The function of the input shaft speed sensor is to keep track of the transmission’s input shaft speed. The clutch connects the input shaft to the engine which allows it to turn at the same speed

The output shaft speed sensor detects the speed of the drive wheels and sends this information back to the engine control unit.

Together these two shafts allow the wheels to rotate at a speed that is manageable while the engine continues to run at a speed that makes it perform efficiently. This would not be possible without functional input and output shaft speed sensors.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Counting the number of times car wheels rotates with our physical eyes or with traditional method is quite difficult because it involves much labour and it has low accuracy level. To solve this problem, a car engine sensor was invented which is used to calculate the speed at which the wheels are rotating

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to provide a digital display in accordance with a vehicle’s engine speed. At the end of this work, this device shall be constructed, the method and components used in the work shall be described.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

It is a sensor which measures an engine’s rotational speed. It will sometimes also be called a crankshaft position sensor. It is used to determine where the pistons are at in relation to the camshaft position to determine when to inject and ignite fuel. It will also be used to display rpm on your tachometer and determine the performance of the automatic transmission.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

An engine speed sensor, also known as vehicle speed sensor, retrieves and sends data to your car’s computer system. A car speed sensor shows the car’s engine spinning rate. The vehicle speed sensor does this by taking note of at what rate the crankshaft is spinning

1.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This can be used in any vehicle
This project can also be used in all industrial motors and generators

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

It is cost effective
The installation will required a qualified engine mechanic

1.8 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
Draw a block diagram.

Test for continuity of components and devices,

programming of microcontroller
Design and calculation for the work was carried out.
Studying of various component used in circuit.

Construct the whole circuit.
Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Sensor

This is a device that detects a particular value. In this case it is the rotational velocity of a rotating shaft.

Speed

This is a measure of how fast something is going, In this example it is a rotational speed over a unit time *minutes”.

Engine

This is the device that the sensor is attached to.There are several ways to have a sensor that measures speed.

1.10 PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction. In this chapter, the background of the work was discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.