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Design And Construction Of An Infrared Based Proximity Detection Sensor

The design and construction of an infrared-based proximity detection sensor involves the utilization of infrared (IR) technology to detect the presence or absence of objects within a certain range. This sensor operates by emitting infrared light pulses and then measuring the reflection or interruption of these pulses to determine the proximity of objects. Key components typically include an IR emitter, IR receiver, signal processing circuitry, and a power source. The emitter emits infrared light pulses, which bounce off nearby objects and are detected by the receiver. The receiver then converts the received infrared signals into electrical signals, which are processed by the circuitry to determine the distance between the sensor and the object. Various factors such as the wavelength of the emitted IR light, the sensitivity of the receiver, and the design of the signal processing algorithm play crucial roles in the sensor’s accuracy and range. Additionally, considerations for environmental conditions and interference sources must be addressed during the design phase to ensure reliable operation. The construction process involves assembling these components into a compact and durable housing, possibly with additional features like adjustable sensitivity or filtering mechanisms to enhance performance in specific applications. Overall, the design and construction of an infrared-based proximity detection sensor require careful consideration of various technical aspects to achieve optimal functionality and reliability in detecting object proximity in diverse environments.

ABSTRACT

Proximity sensor detects the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact using infrared sensor. The infrared sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor’s target.

The operating distance of the sensor depends on the actuator’s shape and size and is strictly linked to the nature of the material

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT SCOPE
- ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF PROXIMITY SENSOR
- HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF PROXIMITY DETECTOR
- REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROXIMITY SENSOR
- REVIEW OF IR TECHNOLOGIES FOR PROXIMITY SENSING

CHAPTER THREE

CONSTRUCTION
- BLOCK DIAGRAM
- PROXIMITY SENSOR CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC
- COMPONENTS LIST
- SYSTEM OPERATION
- CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
- DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

5.3 REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Proximity Detection Sensors detect and measure reflected infrared (IR) energy to detect the presence of an object or person. The proximity detection devices offer a wide range of performance, with LED drive currents and IR pulse repetitions. The proximity detection circuitry compensates for ambient light, allowing it to operate in environments ranging from bright sunlight to dark rooms. The wide dynamic range allows operation in short-distance detection applications behind dark glass, such as cell phones. Proximity Detection Sensors can be used for a mechanical switch replacement or to sense human gesturing.

Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of an object. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.

Proximity sensors can be used in industrial, automotive and consumer applications.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to build a device which can be used to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. It does this by emitting an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared) and looks for changes in the field or return signal.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

As a student of electrical/electronic engineering, this work has exposed me to know the application and description of many electronics components. It also made me to know that an object can be detected by electromagnetic field without making any physical contact with the object.

APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking
Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety

Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery

Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
Sheet breaks sensing in paper machine.
Anti-aircraft warfare

Roller coasters
Conveyor systems

Beverage and food can making lines^[3]
Mobile devices
Touch screens that come in close proximity to the face

Attenuating radio power in close proximity to the body, in order to reduce radiation exposure.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project is designed to measure the proximity of any object by using an infrared. Infrared means of proximity measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.

An object moving nearby actually reflects the infrared rays emitted by the infrared LED. The infrared receiver has sensitivity angle (lobe) of 0-60 degrees, hence when the reflected IR ray is sensed, the mono in the receiver part is triggered.

1.6 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

Good stability
High Speed

infrared sensors are good in terms of power

Usage Low cost.

1.7 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
Draw a block diagram.

Test for continuity of components and devices,

Design of the device was carried out.
Studying of various component used in circuit.
Construction of the circuit was carried out. The construction of this project includes the placing of components on Vero boards, soldering and connection of components,

Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, scope, objective, limitation and problem, advantages of this work was discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.