Desulphurisation Kerosene
Desulphurisation of kerosene refers to the process of reducing the sulfur content in kerosene, a crucial step in enhancing its environmental compatibility and meeting regulatory standards. This intricate purification procedure involves the removal of sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and sulfides, from kerosene through various methods like hydrodesulfurization. By employing catalytic reactions under specific temperature and pressure conditions, desulphurisation aims to diminish the harmful emissions produced during combustion. The implementation of advanced desulphurisation technologies has become imperative in the petroleum industry, ensuring that kerosene, a vital component in aviation and heating fuels, aligns with stringent environmental norms, contributing to cleaner air quality and sustainable energy practices.
This report aimed at determining the presence and removal of mercaptan sulphur in kerosene using colour indicator method. It is known that impurities such as free sulphur, sulphur dioxide, marketers, finding materials etc. are found in petroleum products. Consequently, absorbents like molecular sieve, calcium oxide and even activated carbon could be used to trap these impurities, thereby making the product impurity free.
The afficac of the absorption using calcium (Cao) Ercammerer flask was determined by titration. Excess Silver Nitrate is added to the sample ie effluent silves mercaptdes with his mercaptan sulphur compound present. The excess silver Nitrate is determined by titration with ammonium thiocrante using ferric ammonium sulphate indicator. Illustration graphically shows that the percentage of sulphur in the sample reduces with increase in time. Furthermore, it was noted that slight increase in quantity of kerosene fields better result.
Cover page
Title page
Approval page
Letter of Transmittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Experimental procedure
CHAPTER FOUR
Experimental result
Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Kerosene is a petroleum distillate having a flash point of 380c and density of 0.82ca and mainly used as an. Illuminant when burned and a wick as well as in cooking stove and as solvent in process industries. The sulphur content of illuminating oil varies greatly with the type of oil and the lese to which it is to be put into. In general, sulphur or content is important only when oil is to be burned under conditions where the sulphur dioxide that may evolve in the course of combustion must be limited or reduced. This could be found lamps and heating equipments. At maximum, the sulphur content specification for kerosene is 0.13%
Light odourless paraffin’s can be the primary product used specially as non- aromatic solvents. This apparently is extensively used in paint and gerosol industries. Consequently light odourless kerosene is also used in aviation turbines and jet fuel for air crafts. Jet fuel is simple kerosene which has been subjected to appropriate treatment to remove the impurities. Such impurities include mercaptans sulphur, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gum etc. this impurities can be detected in the petroleum products using standard test methods which are extensive elaborated in this work and however removal of these impurities using chemical method. Some of the test methods include, colour indicate method, potentiomentric method mostly applied in kerosene aviation turbine and distillate fuels etc.
Among others in removal of these impurities mostly mercaptan sulphur in kerosene the following regents in colour indicator method are used. Then included silver Nitrate (A2N03) 0.LN, Ammonium thiocerante (NH4 CNS) 0.025N ferric Ammonium sulphate indicator (ALUM) etc
SHARE PROJECT MATERIALS ON:
Desulphurisation Kerosene:
Desulfurization of kerosene, also known as kerosene desulfurization or hydrodesulfurization (HDS), is a critical process in the petroleum refining industry. This process is employed to reduce the sulfur content in kerosene and other hydrocarbon fuels for various reasons, including environmental regulations, as high sulfur levels can lead to air pollution and contribute to acid rain formation. Here’s an overview of the desulfurization process for kerosene:
Hydrodesulfurization Reaction: The primary method for desulfurizing kerosene involves a chemical reaction known as hydrodesulfurization (HDS). In this process, kerosene is mixed with hydrogen gas (H2) and passed over a catalyst at high temperatures and pressures.
Catalyst: A catalyst is essential for the HDS reaction to occur. Common catalysts used in kerosene desulfurization are typically composed of metals like molybdenum (Mo) or nickel (Ni) supported on alumina (Al2O3) or other substrates. These catalysts facilitate the breaking of sulfur-carbon bonds in the kerosene molecules.
Hydrogen Addition: The hydrogen gas (H2) is introduced to provide hydrogen atoms that can react with the sulfur compounds in the kerosene, forming hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and leaving behind desulfurized kerosene.
Reaction Conditions: The hydrodesulfurization process typically occurs at elevated temperatures (between 300°C and 400°C) and high pressures (ranging from 30 to 100 atmospheres). These conditions are necessary for efficient sulfur removal but can vary depending on the specific feedstock and catalyst used.
Product Separation: After the HDS reaction, the mixture is cooled, and the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) byproduct is separated from the desulfurized kerosene. The H2S can be further processed or treated for sulfur recovery or disposal.
Quality Control: The desulfurized kerosene is then subjected to quality control measures to ensure that it meets the desired sulfur content specifications. This may involve additional treatment steps or refining processes to achieve the desired product quality.
The desulfurization process is essential for complying with environmental regulations, as many countries have set strict limits on the sulfur content of transportation fuels, including kerosene. Reducing sulfur content also improves the combustion properties of the fuel and reduces emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other harmful pollutants when burned.
It’s worth noting that the specific details of the desulfurization process may vary depending on the type of kerosene, the feedstock’s initial sulfur content, and the refinery’s technology and equipment. Advances in catalyst technology and process optimization continue to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of kerosene desulfurization.