Effect Of Interface On The Quality Of Petroleum Product In Multi Purpose Pipeline System
The interface in a multi-purpose pipeline system plays a crucial role in determining the quality of petroleum products transported through it. The interaction between different phases, such as oil, water, and gas, within the pipeline significantly influences the overall product quality. The efficiency of the interface management directly impacts the separation of these components, affecting the purity and composition of the transported petroleum. Effective interface control is paramount for preventing emulsions, ensuring the desired product specifications, and minimizing contamination. Proper design and operation of interface control systems, including the use of specialized additives and separation techniques, are imperative to maintain the integrity and quality of petroleum products in a diverse pipeline environment. Successful interface management is essential for optimizing the performance of the multi-purpose pipeline system and meeting the specific requirements of varied product compositions.
Interface on petroleum product in multi-purpose pipeline system refers to as the zone of demarcation between two products where mixing occurs. Generally, interface is a boundary layer, so the boundary between two products when they are pumped in succession is known as interface.
In Nigeria Petroleum Industries like NNPC (PPMC) make use of multi-purpose pipeline system. This is where interface comes in petroleum products. Interface as defined above plays a lot of economics importance in petroleum product in multi purpose pipeline system three main products were specifically considered in this research project which also were the main products in Nigerian petroleum, they are PMS, AGO and DPK. During the pumping of this products from refinery to depot station, they are not allowed to get in contact with each other because of lack of tolerance, due to this, they are pumped in successions and in-between two products in pipeline, interface solution comes into play the role of intermixing.
The main objective of this research project was to determine the effect of interface on the quality of products in multi-purpose pipeline. Generally, interface if properly handled has no effect on the quality of petroleum products in multi-purpose because it is a product itself, but because of lack of proper handling, some effects are now uncounted. The chief problem here is contamination, when interface is not properly handled, it results to the product, therefore the degree of this product were studied with distillation unit, flash point tester and hydrometer used to effect the degree. The distillation unit was used for ASTM 36 test which confirm the products off or on. Specification various classes of interface were analyzed, properties and factors affecting interface length were all considered.
The cost of accomplishment for the research project was N6500.00.
Contaminants which was the major problem on the quality of petroleum product in multi-purpose system and the methods used in rectifying the contamination were analyzed in this research project. Some experimental tests which were carried out to determine the degree of contamination on which the quality of the petroleum products will be certified, when compared with that of standard showed only slight difference. As the ASTM D86 distillation curve was gotten from the ASTM D86 test distillation carried out on the three grade of products. The curve shows that the higher the temperature, the more the products vaporized. The effect of pipeline vandalization on the interface arrival were treated. Alleviation on contaminants, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of petroleum products in multi-purpose pipeline were all treated to improve the quality.
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
CLASSES OF INTERFACES
PRODUCTS CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES
FACTORS AFFECTING INTERFACE LENGTH
EFFECT OF PIPELINE VANDALIZATION ON THE INTERFACE ARRIVAL
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCT PIPELINE
CONTAMINATION LIMITS
DISPOSAL OF INTERFACE CONTAMINATION
CONTAMINANTS/IMPURITIES CONTAINED IN THE PRODUCTS
METHODS USED IN PURIFYING PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED PRODUCT
CHAPTER THREE
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER SEVEN
REFERENCE
CHAPTER EIGHT
APPENDIX
INTRODUCTION
Nigerian Pipeline and Depot Operations comprises of two main products; Viz: white and black products which are further broken down into:
1. White products
a. Premium Motor Spirit (PMS)
b. Automative Gas Oil (AGO)
c. Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK)
d. House Hold Kerosene (HHK)
e. Aviation Turbine Kerosene (ATK)
2. BLACK PRODUCTS:
a. Locally Produced Crude
b. Gulf Crude
c. Bonny light
d. Ughlli Quality Control Crude
e. Imported Crude
f. Lagomar Crude
g. Arabia Light Crude
In consideration of three major sub-products in white products, namely, PMS, DPK, AGO. These products travel through the pipeline network from one location storage facilities to another. However, as the products are traveling through the pipeline network, there will be a point or phase where two products will mix together. The pint of the mixture is referred to as interface or when any two products are pumped in succession through a multi-product pipeline, the zone of demarcation between them where mixing occurs is called the interface. These three products (DPK, AGO & PMS) are being used in our every day live, that is they are being used in some heavy duty machines, cars, lorries, generators and for domestic uses.
These products are being monitored when they are traveling through the pipeline by checking their point or zone of mixture (interface) with this type of checking, it will be hardly to obtained a contaminated products.
It is implied that once interface has correctly monitored and cut into its tank, there will be no room for a low quality products; so that when concumed by the public will no impose larger to human health, life, property and the environment generally.
Further more, almost all production industries uses these products in the machine operation to enhance smooth, production and efficiency of their machine. The interface is of two classes; viz critical and non-critical interface, these two types are treated in the literature review.
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Effect Of Interface On The Quality Of Petroleum Product In Multi Purpose Pipeline System:
The quality of petroleum products in a multi-purpose pipeline system can be significantly affected by the interface between different products and the condition of the pipeline. Managing these interfaces is crucial to ensuring the safe and efficient transportation of petroleum products. Here are some key factors and effects of interfaces on product quality in such systems:
Contamination: One of the primary concerns with interfaces in multi-purpose pipelines is the potential for contamination between different products. When products with different chemical compositions mix, it can lead to quality degradation. For example, mixing gasoline with diesel fuel or crude oil can result in a product that doesn’t meet specifications.
Separation and Mixing: Interfaces can cause products to separate or mix within the pipeline. For instance, if there is an interface between two different types of crude oil, they may separate due to differences in density and viscosity. This separation can affect the quality of the delivered product.
Temperature Effects: Temperature differences between products can impact their viscosity and flow characteristics. In a multi-purpose pipeline system, products at different temperatures may come into contact, leading to changes in viscosity and flow rates. This can affect the product’s quality and may require temperature control measures.
Batch Tracking: To maintain product quality and integrity, operators of multi-purpose pipelines must implement effective batch tracking and segregation systems. Proper labeling and tracking of batches are essential to prevent mixing and contamination.
Pipeline Cleaning: Cleaning and pigging operations are necessary to prevent product contamination and ensure the pipeline is clear of residues from previous products. Regular maintenance and cleaning schedules are essential to maintaining product quality.
Pumping and Flow Control: Different products may require specific pumping and flow control settings to maintain their quality during transportation. For example, certain products may be shear-sensitive and require gentle handling to prevent degradation.
Compatibility Testing: Before introducing a new product into a multi-purpose pipeline, compatibility testing should be conducted to ensure that it won’t react adversely with existing products. This helps prevent quality issues and potential safety hazards.
Interface Detection and Monitoring: Modern pipeline systems often employ advanced monitoring and detection systems to identify and manage interfaces. These systems can provide real-time data on the location and characteristics of interfaces, allowing operators to take corrective actions as needed.
Regulatory Compliance: Pipeline operators must comply with regulations and industry standards to ensure the quality and safety of petroleum products. Failure to do so can result in environmental issues and legal consequences.
In conclusion, managing interfaces in a multi-purpose pipeline system is essential to maintain the quality and integrity of petroleum products during transportation. This involves careful planning, monitoring, and maintenance to prevent contamination, mixing, and other quality issues that can arise when different products come into contact within the pipeline. Additionally, adherence to regulatory and safety standards is crucial to ensure the safe and reliable operation of such systems.