An abstract is a brief, accurate summary of a longer work, e.g., an academic paper, research report, or journal. It gives a synopsis of the main points and helps readers determine the relevance of the document. In journals and publications, the abstract is typically located at the beginning. But in research work like final year projects, it is placed on a front page of the report. Being the first section a reader comes into contact with, the abstract shapes the reader’s initial impression of the work.

Types of Abstracts

The type of abstract you write is usually determined by your field. Generally speaking, abstracts are of two types:

1. Descriptive Abstract

Most common in social sciences, humanities, and psychology, a descriptive abstract briefly outlines the purpose, background, and main points of the paper. It does not go into detail about the results or conclusions. Such an abstract is 50 to 100 words long.

2. Informative Abstract

Used primarily in engineering and sciences, this type of abstract is a lengthy summary, usually 200 words. It includes the purpose of the research, background, method, results, and conclusions. Informative abstracts are primarily used in technical reports and final year projects.

How to Write an Abstract

It is best to compose the abstract upon completion of the body of work for accuracy and completeness purposes. A good abstract will concisely summarize the entire paper and mention key information. Follow these steps to compose an effective abstract:

  • Identify the main elements of your paper: purpose, main findings, methodology, and results.
  • Begin with a sentence that clearly states the approach to or method of research used.
  • Summarize the key content in one, cohesive paragraph.
  • Revise and edit the paragraph for clarity, flow, and accuracy.
  • Eliminate redundant or unnecessary words and concisely write.

Follow any formatting or word length guidelines of your institution or journal.

Characteristics of a Well-Structured Abstract

  • It is one, well-structured paragraph.
  • It outlines the key points and scope of the work.
  • It is brief, clear, and simple to read.
  • It usually uses passive voice to attain formal tone.
  • It briefly and precisely reflects the content and aim of the paper.

A good abstract enhances the chances of your work being accepted for publication or being considered further for reading. A poor abstract will result in rejection or disinterest. Since it is the entrance to your work, it is important to craft a good abstract.