Effect Of N-Hexane Extract Of Kola nitida Bark On Liver Function Test Of Albino Wistar Rats Fed With High Fat From Cow‘s Brain
The impact of N-hexane extract derived from Kola nitida bark on the liver function test of Albino Wistar rats subjected to a high-fat diet sourced from cow’s brain is a subject of scientific inquiry with multifarious implications. In this experimental framework, the utilization of N-hexane extract, obtained from Kola nitida bark, introduces a variable compound with potential bioactive properties. The liver function test serves as a vital metric to evaluate the physiological response of the rats to the administered substances. The incorporation of a high-fat diet derived from cow’s brain presents a specific dietary challenge, likely inducing metabolic alterations that can influence liver function. The study aims to elucidate any potential hepatoprotective or adverse effects exerted by the N-hexane extract on the liver function of the rats under these dietary conditions. Such investigations contribute to our understanding of the pharmacological properties of Kola nitida bark extract and its possible implications for liver health in the context of high-fat diets, offering insights relevant to both animal physiology and potential therapeutic applications.
Kola bark extract have been widely used in tradition medicine for thousand of
year, it improves liver functions and provides protection against high fat fed
metabolic rats. Present investigations were carried out on the hepatoprotective
role of Kola bark extract meal treatment to high fat fed wistar rat. Healthy
adult male wistar rats were divided into four groups Group I: rats were fed a
standard Laboratory diet (groups match) (20g/rat/day), Group II: rats were fed
a high-fat diet alone (3.6g/rat/day), Group III: rats were fed with combined
mixture of 70% of high-fat diet with 30% Kola bark meal (9.8g/rat /day),
Group/ V: rats were fed with high fat diet and was administered with Lipitor
(Atovastatin) (10mg/rat/day) . The rats were sacrificed at the end of the
experiment (two weeks) period. The high fat fed rat substantially elevated its
serum and liver tissue AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin with decreased in total
protein levels. Where as the levels of all parameters significantly restored
towards normalization by the kola bark husk meal treatment. The results
obtained suggest that the Kola bark meal have potent hepatoprotective action
on high fat fed rats. A companion of the performance in both Kola bark meal
and Lipitor treatment on high fat fed rat in respect of hepatoprotective role is
clearly indicator that the Kola bark meal treatment was more and related to the
result of Lipitor as well as to the normal level.
Dedication
Acknowledge
Table of content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Origin of kola
2.1.2 Strategies for enhancing investment opportunities in kola production
2.2 Lipid metabolism
2.2.1 Lipid and lipoproteins –definition and classification
2.2.2. Plasma lipoproteins
2.3.4 Cholesterol metabolism
2.3.0 Liver x receptor
2.3.1 Liver x receptor as cholesterol sensors
2.3.2 Liver x receptor and bile acid synthesis, metabolism and excretion-
2.3.3 LXR and cholesterol Biosynthesis
2.3.4 LXR and cholesterol uptake
2.3.5 LXR and intestinal cholesterol absorption
2.3.6 LXR as therapeutic targets
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods
3.1 Identification of plant material
3.2 Phytochemical analyses
3.3 Experimental animal models
3.4 Collection of blood sample
3.5 Lipid profile analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
4.1 Discussions
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusions
5.1 References
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Liver is the largest and most complex internal organ in the body. It plays
an important role in the maintenance of internal environment through its
multiple and diverse functions. Liver is involved in several vital functions such
as metabolism, secretion and storage. Hepatitis or inflammatory disorder
involves inflammation and damage to the hepatocytes. Hepatitis is one of the
most prevalent diseases in the world. Every year 18,000 people had been
reported to die due to liver cirrhosis caused by viral hepatitis [L] Ectopic fat
storage occurs in obesity particularly in the liver leading to a condition termed
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] characterized by varying degree of
liver injury that progresses from steatosis to tratohepatitis, fibrosis and necrosis
Due to its prominent association with IR (insulin resistance). Obesity, NAFLD
is regarded as the hepatic manifestation of metabolite [3] syndrome. Liver has
great capacity to detoxicate toxic substances.
Kola pod is the traditional health food around the world. Kola pod Husk
meal is the residue after grinding the pod of kola and filtration, and it is an
excellent source in slightly high in fiber (16.74%), low in crude protein
(9.98%), moderate NFE (42.391) and metabolizable energy 2497 kcal/kg, and
ash content is relatively high. (13.26%). when companied with the values
reported by (Oluokun, 1999) ;(Hamzat and Babatunde, 2001). These
differences might be due to varietals differenced and shelf life of the test
ingredient before analysis. However, the crude protein content fairly put kola
pod husk meal (KPHM) with feed ingredients like Sorghum while the fibre
content put it in same proximate composition with Bremer‘s grains. Kola pod
being one of the important pods for medical treatment in the world. The kola
pod husk provides some essential materials for doth drying. The pod bark,
when mixed with some ingredients is used in traditional medicine to reduce
Labour pains. The bark is used in treating swellings and fresh wounds. The
roots provide excellent chewing sticks for cleaning the teeth and the wood is
used in local carvings coachwork and boatbuilding.
Lipid refers to the different kind of fats present in the bodies of human plasma
include triglyceride (TG), phospholipids (PL), cholesterol esters (CE), and free
cholesterol (FC) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA. Each lipid plays a
different role in our bodies yet all of them except free cholesterol (FC) contain
esters of long chain fatty acid in their structures. Lipids are insoluble in
plasma due to their non- polar structures thus; they need some carriers that are
soluble in polar and non- polar environment. Lipids are packaged and carried
in the form of lipoprotein, which is a molecule that contains both protein (i.e.
apolipoprotein) and lipids.
Statins (lipitor) are group of drugs approved for their Cholesterol
reduction properties and are commonly used to treat atherosclerosis and
coronary artery disease. These drugs inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
Coenzyme A (HMG-COA) reductase. The rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol
biosynthesis; which converts HMG.CoA to mevalonate. Apart from
cholesterol, mevalonate is also the substrate for the synthesis of nonsteroid,
isoprenoids such as coenzyme Q. Depletion of these isoprenoids results in the
so called plelotropic effects of statins which are independent of cholesterol.
Lowering effect.These plelotropic effects of anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic
and ant-proliferative effect. In addition, data from experimental and
observational studies indicated that statins have neuroprotective effects and be
a treatment option for neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous
system and the ocular structures particularly the retina (schemer, 2007). Statins
(Atorvastatin) is widely used in the treatment of hepatic diseases. They have
been widely used in chinning proactive as cholesterol lowering agents to
reduce mobility and mortality from coronary artery diseases. It also has an
effect in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple
sclerosis.
However, limited studies are available on the effect of kola pod husk meal
treatment on hepatoprotective effect in high fat diet fed animal in this regard,
the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of kola pod meal on high-
fat fed rats related to different hepatoprotective effect by comparing Lipitor
Treatment.
Effect Of N-Hexane Extract Of Kola nitida Bark On Liver Function Test Of Albino Wistar Rats Fed With High Fat From Cow‘s Brain:
Potential effects of plant extracts on liver function and the interaction with high-fat diets based on existing knowledge up to my last update.
- N-Hexane Extract of Kola nitida Bark: Kola nitida, commonly known as bitter kola, is a plant that is native to West Africa and is often used for its potential health benefits. The n-hexane extract of Kola nitida bark may contain various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and other phytochemicals. Some of these compounds have been studied for their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties.
- High-Fat Diet and Liver Function: Consumption of a high-fat diet, especially one rich in saturated fats, can lead to various metabolic disturbances, including fatty liver disease and impaired liver function. Excessive fat intake can result in the accumulation of lipids in liver cells, leading to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can eventually result in liver dysfunction.
- Potential Effects on Liver Function: Some plant compounds, such as antioxidants and certain polyphenols found in plant extracts, have been investigated for their potential to mitigate the negative effects of high-fat diets on liver function. These compounds may help reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation in the liver. However, the effects can vary widely depending on the specific compounds present in the extract, their concentrations, and the dosage used.
- Animal Studies: Animal studies are often conducted to assess the effects of natural compounds on various aspects of health. In your case, albino Wistar rats were used as a model to study the impact of the n-hexane extract of Kola nitida bark on liver function in the context of a high-fat diet. Researchers typically measure parameters such as liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT), lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and histological changes in the liver tissue to evaluate the effects of interventions.
- Results and Conclusion: The results of such studies can vary, and the conclusions drawn are based on the specific experimental design and findings. Positive outcomes may indicate that the extract has potential hepatoprotective effects against the negative impacts of a high-fat diet. However, negative or inconclusive outcomes may warrant further investigation or suggest that the extract might not have the desired effects under the conditions tested.