Abnormal Urine Constituents Using Dipstick Technology Survey Among Patients

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Urinalysisis the commonness inexpensive tests that can help you to detect problems many part of the body include the kidneys, urinary tract, heart and the liver. It can also be used to detect many diseases before symptom occur (Deizellet al., 2015).
Urine is form in the kidney through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the urethra to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body (DeIzellet al., 2015)
Normally, urine is free of protein or only has a trace, but the proteinuria occur with renal disease usually glomeruli filter out protein, but when glorneruli is damaged the permeability increases and protein is able to pass through the urine. Although a small amount of protein can be found in urine, the amount should not exceed 10mg per l00ml of a single specimen for 150mg in 24 hours (Kaplan et al., 2013).
Glucose in urine is an indication of abnormality, normally, <0.1% of glucose filtered by the glomeruli is passed into the urine (<130mg) (Najeeb et al., 2015).
The renal threshold of glucose is about 160 to l90mg/dl in urine, below this level the kidneys are able to be effectively reabsorb glucose but when the glucose level exceed this, the kidneys cannot keep up and glucose begins to spill over into the urine thus, increase glucose in the urine which indicate hyperglycemia or a reduction in the renal threshold for glucose (Oensteinet al., 2014).
It is normal to find ketones in the urine. Ketones are the products of fat metabolism
that is commonly encounter in uncontrolled diabetes but can also occur during – pregnancy, carbohydrate free diet, and starvation (Robert et al., 2015).
The microscopic examination of urine is the standard method used to detect pyuria. However, the dipstick test to measure urinary, leukocyte esterase activity is quite inexpensive, and does not require technical expertise. This test is commonly used to identify pyuria in accidents and emergency departments and in out-patient clinics in which a urine microscopic service is not available (Yuen 2001). A urine dipstick test pressed into a wet incontinence pad of an elderly, nursing home resident may be an effective in the initial evaluation of a urinary tract infection (Plata et al., 2014).
Asymptornatic dipstick haernaturia in adults is a common finding (Tophamet al., 2014) microscope haematuria without proteinuria is often an incindental finding even with a thorough investigation, the source of the microscopic haematuria frequently is not found (Cohen et al, 2003). As with dipstick testing for bacteriuria which has questionable value for screening adults, so the usefulness of testing for microhaematuria is now doubted (Yuen, 2011).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Many of the dipstick result aren’t completely accurate and sometime gives you false positive results.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this study is to determine the abnormalities of urine component amongst patients attending specialist hospital Gombe. Gombe State.

1.3.2 Objective of the Study
I. To determine the prevalence of abnormal urine component using routine dipstick urinalysis amongst patients attending specialist hospital Gombe state .
ii. To determine the urine abnormality in regard to age group.
iii. To determine the urine abnormality in regard to gender.