Abnormal Urine Constituents Using Dipstick Technology Survey Among Patients

(A Case Study Of Patience Attending Specialist Hospital Gombe, Gombe State)

5 Chapters

47 Pages

6,111 Words

Laboratory Technology (Medical) | Nursing and Nursing Science | Nursing, Dentistry, and Healthcare

Abstract

Table of Content

Chapter One

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Exploring the intricacies of detecting abnormal urine constituents through dipstick technology is pivotal in contemporary healthcare. This innovative diagnostic approach plays a crucial role in swiftly identifying various urinary anomalies among patients. Leveraging the efficiency of dipstick technology, healthcare professionals can adeptly ascertain the presence of key urinary elements, such as glucose, protein, and leukocytes, providing valuable insights into potential health issues. This survey delves into the diverse aspects of dipstick technology, shedding light on its diagnostic accuracy, applicability across different medical conditions, and its role in streamlining patient care. By examining patient experiences and healthcare provider perspectives, this study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and relevance of dipstick technology in the clinical assessment of abnormal urine constituents.

ABSTRACT

Urinalysis is a simple and cheep method off screening of systematic diseases including kidney disease and may open window of opportunity for preventing early treatment especially in resource constrained settings like Nigeria. The aim of this study is to determine the abnormalities of urine component amongst patients attending specialist hospital Gombe. A total of 150 patients participated in the study (Male 65 female 85 ) prevalence of abnormal urine component as detected by routine dipstick urinalysis. The prevalence of abnormalities in blood was 24.7% in female, protein 29.0% in male, urobilinoge, 10.8% in male biurubin 3.5% in female and ketones 8.3% in female .the prevalence of urine abnormality amongst patient attending specialist hospital Gombe is high in female than male. The abnormalities were found in the age group of 31 and above. Therefore, urine dipstick can add value to the management of patient specialist hospital Gombe.

The Abstract of “Abnormal Urine Constituents Using Dipstick Technology Survey Among Patients” ends here.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Pages
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background Of The Study 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement Of The Problem 2
1.3.0 Aims and Objectives 3
1.3.1 Aim 3
1.3.2 Objective Of The Study 3

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 Kidney 4
2.2 Urine Formation 4
2.2.1 Glomerular Filtration 5
2.2.2 Selective Reabsorption 5
2.2.3 Secretion 6
2.3 Composition Of Urine 6
2.3.1 Volume 6
2.3.2 Specific Gravity 7
2.3.3 Color 8
2.3.4 Odour 9
2.3.5 Foam 9
2.3.6 PH 9
2.4 Collections Of Urine Sample 10
2.4.1 Random Sample Collection 10
2.4.2 Early Morning Sample Collection 10
2.4.3 Midstream Clean Catch Specimen Collection 10
2.5 Urine Preservative 10
2.6 Urinalysis 11
2.6.1 Macroscopic Examination 12
2.6.2 Microscopic Examination 12
2.6.3.0 Qualitative Test For Chemical Analysis Of Protein 13
2.6 .3.1 Boiling And Acetic Acid Test 13
2.6.3.2 Method 13
2.6.3.3 Test Strip For Lro’i’ein 13
2.6.3.4 Albustix: Principle 13
2.7 Dipstick Urinalysis 14
2.7.1 Urinary PH 14
2.7.2 Hematuria 14
2.7.3 Proteinuria 15
2.7.7 Nitrites And Leukocytes Esterase 17
2.7.8 Bilirubin And Urobilinogen 17

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Study Area 19
3.2 Study Population And Sample 19
3.3 Sampling And Sampling Size Technique 19
3.4 Method of data analysis 19
3.5 Materials (Apparatus) Used 19
3.6 Method Of Collecting Sampling 20

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result 21

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion And Recommendation 25
5.1 Discussion 25
5.2 Conclusion 26
5.3 Recommendation 26
References 27

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Urinalysisis the commonness inexpensive tests that can help you to detect problems many part of the body include the kidneys, urinary tract, heart and the liver. It can also be used to detect many diseases before symptom occur (Deizellet al., 2015).
Urine is form in the kidney through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the urethra to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body (DeIzellet al., 2015)
Normally, urine is free of protein or only has a trace, but the proteinuria occur with renal disease usually glomeruli filter out protein, but when glorneruli is damaged the permeability increases and protein is able to pass through the urine. Although a small amount of protein can be found in urine, the amount should not exceed 10mg per l00ml of a single specimen for 150mg in 24 hours (Kaplan et al., 2013).
Glucose in urine is an indication of abnormality, normally, <0.1% of glucose filtered by the glomeruli is passed into the urine (<130mg) (Najeeb et al., 2015).
The renal threshold of glucose is about 160 to l90mg/dl in urine, below this level the kidneys are able to be effectively reabsorb glucose but when the glucose level exceed this, the kidneys cannot keep up and glucose begins to spill over into the urine thus, increase glucose in the urine which indicate hyperglycemia or a reduction in the renal threshold for glucose (Oensteinet al., 2014).
It is normal to find ketones in the urine. Ketones are the products of fat metabolism
that is commonly encounter in uncontrolled diabetes but can also occur during – pregnancy, carbohydrate free diet, and starvation (Robert et al., 2015).
The microscopic examination of urine is the standard method used to detect pyuria. However, the dipstick test to measure urinary, leukocyte esterase activity is quite inexpensive, and does not require technical expertise. This test is commonly used to identify pyuria in accidents and emergency departments and in out-patient clinics in which a urine microscopic service is not available (Yuen 2001). A urine dipstick test pressed into a wet incontinence pad of an elderly, nursing home resident may be an effective in the initial evaluation of a urinary tract infection (Plata et al., 2014).
Asymptornatic dipstick haernaturia in adults is a common finding (Tophamet al., 2014) microscope haematuria without proteinuria is often an incindental finding even with a thorough investigation, the source of the microscopic haematuria frequently is not found (Cohen et al, 2003). As with dipstick testing for bacteriuria which has questionable value for screening adults, so the usefulness of testing for microhaematuria is now doubted (Yuen, 2011).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Many of the dipstick result aren’t completely accurate and sometime gives you false positive results.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this study is to determine the abnormalities of urine component amongst patients attending specialist hospital Gombe. Gombe State.

1.3.2 Objective of the Study
I. To determine the prevalence of abnormal urine component using routine dipstick urinalysis amongst patients attending specialist hospital Gombe state .
ii. To determine the urine abnormality in regard to age group.
iii. To determine the urine abnormality in regard to gender.

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