Construction Of A Microcontroller Based Gate
The construction of a microcontroller-based gate involves the utilization of a microcontroller, a compact integrated circuit that functions as the brain of the system, overseeing and coordinating various components. This intricate electronic setup integrates sensors, such as proximity detectors or keypads, to capture input signals. Subsequently, the microcontroller processes these inputs and executes commands to control the gate’s operation. Actuators, like motors or solenoids, respond to the microcontroller’s directives, facilitating the gate’s movement. Additionally, the inclusion of memory modules allows the microcontroller to store programmed instructions, ensuring efficient and reliable gate performance. The synergy between these components creates a sophisticated system that seamlessly manages gate access. Careful consideration of sensor types, microcontroller capabilities, and actuator mechanisms is paramount in designing a responsive and secure microcontroller-based gate system.
T-junction traffic light controller is such a device that will play a significant role in controlling traffic at junctions, to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum disorderliness that may arise, as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads. Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that control the flow of traffic in a pre-determined sequential pattern at a junction, has its diagram comprising of different components. The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified voltage from primary source. The pulse generator consisting of a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system. The display unit of each stand consists of led, the first is red in colour, the second is amber in colour and the last is green in colour.
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Objective of the Project
1.3 Scope of the Study
1.4 Project Report Organization
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pre-Emption And Priority
2.3 Special Provisions
2.4 Technology
2.5 Control And Co-Ordination
2.6 Design Layout And Operation Site
CHAPTER THREE
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS
3.1 The Power Supply
3.2 The Voltage Regulator
3.3 Crystal Oscillator
3.4 Paper Capacitor
3.5 The Microcontroller
3.6 System Flow Diagram
3.7 Light Indicator Stage
3.8 Transistors
3.9 Resistors
3.10 Bridge Rectifier
3.11 Electrolytic Capacitor
3.12 Step Down Transformer
3.13 Seven Segment Display
CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEMS OPERATIONAL UNITS
4.1 The Control Unit
4.2 System Analysis
4.3 Choice Of Counter
4.4 The Interface Unit
4.5 Test And Result
4.6 Observation
4.7 Packaging
4.8 Bill Of Engineering Measurement And Evaluation
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Suggestions For Further Research
References
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
In the past, many systems that are designed by man are normally operated manually. This mode of operation is accompanied with many defects or disadvantages. Some of the disadvantages involve stress undergone by the operator; the operator is also exposed to health hazards when carrying out his or her duties. These health hazards might be in terms of electrocution, skin burn or bruises.
To overcome the above mentioned disadvantages that are associated with manual operation of systems, the recent systems are designed with mechanisms that enable them to carry out the required operations automatically. To this effect, the system carries out the required operation by them. The mechanism of the system can only be altered during servicing of the machine. With automatic operation of systems, the stress involved with handling the systems are reduced drastically.
The automatic gate control system is one of the systems that operate automatically. The system simply detects the presence of object at the front of the gate and then, opens the doors of the gate automatically. It
incorporates sensors that are mounted at strategic positions and which has the capability of detecting objects. These systems are used in public offices where people often make use of the doors.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of the design is to practically obtain a system that opens and closes a given gate automatically, when there is presence of cars or persons. The system is designed in such a way that it has sensors that senses the presence of people.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The design and implementation of microcontroller based automatic gate controller utilizes the characteristic operation of both passive and active electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and integrated circuits. The circuit is designed in a prototype forms and it is only meant for indoor demonstration of how the system works. The system also uses a programmable integrated circuit in its control unit. Meanwhile, this project, microcontroller based automatic gate control has sub units such as: Power supply unit The control section
The gate drive section The sensor unit
Fig: 1.1. The block diagram of microcontroller based automatic gate control
THE GATE DRIVE SECTION
THE CONTROL SECTION
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
THE SENSOR UNIT
1.4 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Voltage regulation: this is simply, the control of voltage as needed by the design. Voltage regulation ensures that a specific and steady voltage supply is provided for the system operation. Electromagnetic switch: this is the contact making that exists between terminal of electronic components. These switches are carried through a process known as electromagnetic induction. Examples of devices that can perform this action is the relay. Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM): this is a type of memory device which can be programmed. The device also has program erasing ability if it is to be reprogrammed.
1.5 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
Five chapters were covered in the course of design and development of this project. The chapters and their contents are as follows:
Chapter one is the introductory chapter that gives the background of the project, aim and objective, the scope and organization of the project.
Chapter Two handles the literature review; information on previous work relevant to the topic.
In chapter three, I discussed the practical system analysis of the project. Also discussed is the requirement analysis, which is all the information, gathered from a wide research on microcontroller over/under voltage protective system.
Chapter four deals with the design procedure, construction steps, packaging and cost of components.
Chapter five contains the test result, summary, conclusion and recommendations for further work.
Constructing a microcontroller-based gate involves creating an electronic circuit that can control the opening and closing of a gate using a microcontroller. This project requires a basic understanding of electronics, microcontrollers, and programming. Here’s a general outline of the steps involved:
Components and Materials Needed:
- Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi, PIC, etc.)
- Gate (or simulate one for testing purposes)
- Motor or actuator for gate movement (e.g., a DC motor)
- Motor driver circuit (H-bridge) if required for motor control
- Sensors for gate position detection (e.g., limit switches, IR sensors, ultrasonic sensors)
- Power supply (DC power supply or batteries)
- Breadboard or PCB for circuit assembly
- Jumper wires
- Resistors, capacitors, and other passive components
- Programming environment (e.g., Arduino IDE or Raspberry Pi Python)
- Basic hand tools (screwdriver, soldering iron, etc.)
Steps to Construct a Microcontroller-Based Gate:
- Design the Circuit:
- Determine the gate’s requirements, such as its size, weight, and the type of motor needed.
- Create a schematic diagram of the circuit, including the microcontroller, motor driver, sensors, and power supply.
- Assemble the Hardware:
- Connect the microcontroller to the motor driver and sensors following your schematic diagram.
- Connect the motor to the motor driver if necessary.
- Mount the sensors in positions where they can detect the gate’s open and closed positions.
- Power the circuit using the appropriate power supply or batteries.
- Write the Software:
- Program the microcontroller to control the gate’s movement based on input from the sensors.
- Write code to respond to user input (e.g., via buttons, remote control, or a mobile app).
- Implement safety features, such as obstacle detection to prevent accidents.
- Test the System:
- Test the gate’s functionality by opening and closing it manually and through the microcontroller.
- Verify that the sensors correctly detect the gate’s position and that the motor operates as expected.
- Debug and Refine:
- Debug any issues in the circuit or code.
- Fine-tune the system’s performance, such as adjusting the gate’s speed or sensitivity of the sensors.
- Install the System:
- Once the gate operates reliably and safely, install it at its intended location.
- Ensure proper wiring and secure mounting.
- User Interface (Optional):
- If desired, create a user interface for controlling the gate remotely, such as a mobile app or a keypad.
- Maintenance and Monitoring:
- Regularly inspect and maintain the gate and its components to ensure proper operation.
- Monitor for any malfunctions and perform necessary repairs.
Remember to follow safety guidelines throughout the construction process, especially when working with motors and electrical components. Additionally, consult the documentation of the specific microcontroller and motor driver you are using for detailed instructions and specifications.