Design And Construction Of A Battery Charger With Over-Charge Cut-Off
The design and construction of a battery charger with an over-charge cut-off feature involves integrating various components and techniques to ensure efficient and safe charging. This project entails selecting appropriate charging circuitry, such as a voltage regulator or a microcontroller-based system, to control the charging process and prevent overcharging, which can degrade battery life and pose safety risks. Additionally, incorporating monitoring mechanisms, such as voltage sensors and current sensors, allows for real-time tracking of the battery’s state and adjustment of the charging parameters as needed. The charger should also include safety features like reverse polarity protection and temperature monitoring to safeguard both the battery and the charging system. Furthermore, the construction phase involves assembling the chosen components into a functional circuit, ensuring proper wiring and insulation to prevent electrical hazards. Testing and calibration are essential steps to validate the charger’s performance and optimize its efficiency. By implementing these strategies, the designed battery charger not only ensures effective charging but also prioritizes safety and longevity, meeting the demands of modern portable electronic devices while adhering to sustainability principles.
A battery charger is an electrical device employed for charging batteries. These batteries that are usually charged by battery charger are the storage batteries also known as “accumulator” the battery charger changes. The alternating current forms the power line into d.c suitable for charging.
When the battery is fully changed, is up to it’s maximum, 12 volt, the charger with automatically cut-off with the help of the contact relay, the transistor and the zener diode when bend the current back to the system, and the system have the ability to indicate when the battery is charging or not, when the battery is empty or fully charged.
Cover page
ii. Certification
iii. Dedication
iv. Acknowledgement
v. Abstract:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Hypothesis/Research Questions
1.4 Objective of Study
1.5 Significance of Study
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Limitations of Study
1.8 Definitions of terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of Related works
2.2 Contribution to Knowledge
2.3 Proposed system’s Theories
2.4 Expected Results from Hardware &Software
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 The Block Diagram of a Battery Charger
3.2 System Circuit
3.3 System Operation
3.4 Circuit Description
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS/ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
4.2 Casing And Packaging
4.3 Assembling Of Sections
4.4 Tests an Operation
4.5 Battery Charger Casing
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECONMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A battery charger is described as is a device that provides electricity to convert into stored chemical energy for storage in an electrochemical cell by running an electric current through it. [Zhang et al, 2013].
A battery charger consists of a rectifier circuit, power circuit, ripple monitoring, control circuit, regulator circuit.
A Battery charger comes in various designs and voltage. The choice of a particular charger depends largely on the size of battery. Mini battery charger could be used to charge batteries whose voltage is 12 volts.
The battery charge is built in such a way that it delivers a constant value of d.c current into the battery it is charging in the opposite direction from which current flows on the batteries during discharge one cannot successfully design a battery charge without a fundamental understanding of the accumulator because it also makes up the operation according to [Zhang et al, 2013].
This work is aimed at building an automatic battery charger which comprises of overcharge cut – off feature.
1.1 Problem Statement
There is nothing that is as frustrating and dangerous as when a battery is plugged and at the end it was discovered that the battery did not charge. And nothing is as dangerous as when a battery was fully charged and the owner is not aware of the charging state. This study solve problems such as not knowing when a battery is charging and when it is fully charged which can cause the battery not to charged or to over-charge.
The battery charge is built in such a way that it delivers a constant value of d.c current into the battery it is charging in the opposite direction from which current flows on the batteries during discharge one cannot successfully design a battery charge without a fundamental understanding of the accumulator because it also makes up the operation.
1.2 Aim and Objective of Study
The main aim of this work is to build an automatic battery charger which comprises of indicators that indicates charging process and charging level indicator. The objectives are:
i. To build the device
ii. To know when a battery is charging or not
iii. To know the status of a battery thereby saving the battery from over-charge
1.3 Significance of Study
Carrying this work will go along way teaching students how battery charger is been made and the operation of battery charger. This study will also be of great benefit to all users of charger and rechargeable devices in that it will help them to understand how their battery is been charged and how chargers are operated.
1.4 Scope of Study
The scope of this work focuses on the building of a 12v battery that incorporated overcharge cut-off relay. In this work, a voltage sensor circuit is incorporated to sense the voltage of the battery under charge. The charger has the ability to automatically switch OFF when the battery voltage reaches the required optimum level with the help of the contact relay, the transistor and the zener diode.
1.5 Limitations of Study
This charger can only be used for 12v batteries. The final packaging of the device will compose of two LEDs which includes LED for power, and overcharge cut-off LED.
1.6 Definitions of terms
Below are terms that are frequently used in this work and their definitions:
Battery: a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.
Charger: a device for charging a battery or battery-powered equipment.
Capacitor – a charge storage device made up of two metallic plates separated by a dielectric, with equal but opposite charges. The AC impedance of a Capacitor is (1 / jWL) and acts as an open circuit in DC applications.
Circuit – a complete path that allows electrical current from one terminal of a voltage source to the other terminal.
Alternating (AC) Current – currents that have a harmonic time dependence.
Ampere (A) – the unit of measurement for electrical current in coulombs per second.
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A battery charger with over-charge cut-off is designed to prevent the overcharging of rechargeable batteries, which can lead to damage, reduced battery life, and safety hazards. Here are some key features and considerations for a battery charger with over-charge cut-off:
- Voltage Regulation:
- The charger should provide the correct voltage for the type of battery being charged. Different batteries have different voltage requirements, and overcharging can occur if the charger supplies too much voltage.
- Current Regulation:
- The charger should regulate the charging current to avoid excessive charging rates, which can lead to overheating and overcharging.
- Charge Cut-Off Mechanism:
- An over-charge cut-off feature is essential. This mechanism automatically stops the charging process when the battery reaches its full charge. This helps prevent overcharging and protects the battery.
- Voltage Monitoring:
- The charger should continuously monitor the battery voltage during the charging process to ensure that it does not exceed the safe limits.
- Temperature Sensing:
- Some advanced chargers have temperature sensors to monitor the temperature of the battery. Charging can be adjusted or stopped if the temperature rises to unsafe levels.
- Timer Function:
- A timer can be set to limit the charging duration. This is another safety feature to prevent overcharging, especially if the battery charger doesn’t have a built-in automatic cut-off.
- Compatibility:
- Ensure that the charger is compatible with the type of battery you are using (e.g., NiMH, NiCd, Li-ion) and the specific voltage and capacity of the battery.
- LED Indicators:
- LED indicators can provide visual feedback on the charging status, making it easy for users to know when the battery is fully charged.
- Reverse Polarity Protection:
- Including reverse polarity protection ensures that the charger won’t operate if the batteries are inserted incorrectly.
- Safety Certifications:
- Look for chargers that have safety certifications from relevant authorities, ensuring that they meet specific safety standards.
- User Manual:
- Always refer to the user manual for specific instructions and guidelines provided by the manufacturer.
When selecting a battery charger, it’s crucial to choose one that aligns with the type of batteries you use and incorporates the necessary safety features to prevent overcharging. Always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations for proper use and maintenance of both the charger and batteries.