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Design And Construction Of A Transistor Based Dark Activated Street Light

Electrical Electronics Engineering | Industrial Physics | Physics

The design and construction of a transistor-based dark activated street light involve the utilization of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) to detect ambient light levels. When the surrounding light diminishes below a certain threshold, the LDR’s resistance increases, triggering a transistor to conduct electricity. This, in turn, powers the street light. Incorporating a suitable transistor circuit, such as a common emitter configuration, ensures efficient switching of the street light in response to changes in ambient light. Additionally, employing appropriate resistors and capacitors in the circuit helps regulate the sensitivity and response time of the system. The construction process involves assembling the components on a prototyping board or printed circuit board (PCB), ensuring proper connections and insulation to prevent short circuits. Weatherproofing measures may also be implemented to safeguard the circuitry from environmental factors. Regular testing and calibration are essential to optimize the street light’s performance, ensuring reliable operation during varying light conditions.

ABSTRACT

This project work is on the construction of dark activated street lighting system. Which aimed at activating a switch or AC street light at sunset and deactivate it at sunrise.

This Dark activated street light can trigger a relay to operate an AC street light at Sunset. The lamp remains on till morning and then turns off. This eliminates the need of switching the Porch lamp daily and also helps to light the road/street.
The circuit utilizes the light sensing property of LDR to activate the circuit. The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) has very high resistance in dark which reduces to a few Ohms in bright light.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
METHODOLOGY
PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LIGHTING

2.2 REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED STREET LIGHT

2.3 REVIEW OF LIGHT SENSOR

2.4 LDR STRUCTURE AND WORKING

2.5 REVIEW OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION

3.5 COMPONENTS LIST

3.6 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

3.7 FACTORS FOR SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE RELAY

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3 CONSRUCTION OF THE CASING

4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.5 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN

4.6 COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATION

5.3 REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

The controlling of street lights is usually maintained by an electrical department’s technician on several occasions. This is not only precarious but also sometimes results in wastage of power because of the negligence or unusual circumstances on part of the technician in operating the lights on and off. Not only in case of street lights, even for controlling the home appliances like garden or outdoor lights, we can utilize the dark activated street light for automatic switching OFF the lights based on daylight’s intensity by using a dark sensor.

Dark Activated street light is a electrical project circuit by which we can switch on and off the electrical street light automatically based on the day-light intensity instead of manually operating the switches.

By using this method, manpower can be reduced to a great extent. In case of the street lights/lamp erected on highways it is not an easy task to manually control them, but, if uncontrolled, the chances of power wastage would increase. To get rid of this situation, the implementation of a dark activated street light by using a dark sensor that switches lights automatically on and off is the best option.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the last decade, street light is been controlled by a technician and this involves labour, waste time and sometime may not be switched in time or may also be forgotten. This eliminates the need of switching the street light daily and also helps to light the premises of the house when the occupants are out of station.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to design a transistor based device that will trigger street light when darkness fall on the sensor (LDR)

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

A dark activated street light is an electronic consisting of LDR, transistor and Relay as connected in the main circuit, as shown below.

The circuit shown below requires a DC voltage, which can be supplied from mains by using a bridge rectifier instead of the battery. The bridge rectifier uses a step-down transformer to step-down the 230v into 12v.

This circuit is to switch ON or OFF the light when the LDR is covered by darkness or illuminated. The light dependent resistor will have high resistance in darkness and low resistance in the light.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This device is very useful in that it distinguishes daylight and dark hours. This device eliminates the need of switching the Porch lamp or street lamp daily and also helps to switch ON or OFF the premises of the house when the occupants are out of station.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

One of the problems of this device is that any opaque material can trigger the device, such as human shadow, movement of animals or ants across the sensor can trigger the system

1.7 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

Useful for automatic outdoor lighting or garden lighting at home.
Useful for automatic switching of street lights.

Useful for switching the hoardings on and off automatically.

Useful for self-switching operation of displaying title hoardings of companies.
Useful as a dark activated switch.

1.8 PROJECT MOTIVATION/CONSIDIERATION

The main considerations in the present field technologies are Automation, Power consumption and cost effectiveness. Automation is intended to reduce man power with the help of intelligent systems. Power saving is the main consideration forever as the source of the power(Thermal, Hydro etc.,)are getting diminished due to various reasons. The main aim of the project is Automatic street power saving system with LDR, this is to save the power. We want to save power automatically instead of doing manual. So it’s easy to make cost effectiveness. This saved power can be used in some other cases. So in villages, towns etc we can design intelligent systems for the usage of street lights.

1.9 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
Draw a block diagram.

Test for continuity of components and devices,

Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
Studying of various component used in circuit.
Construction of the circuit was carried out.

Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.10 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to dark activated street light. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of dark activated street light were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of dark activated street light. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.