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Design And Construction Of An Arduino Speed Control Of A DC Motor

The design and construction of an Arduino-based speed control system for a DC motor involve integrating hardware and software components to regulate the motor’s rotational speed efficiently. This project typically requires an Arduino microcontroller board, a DC motor, a motor driver module (such as L298N or L293D), a power source, and various electronic components like resistors, capacitors, and diodes. The process begins with connecting the motor to the motor driver, which is then interfaced with the Arduino. The Arduino is programmed to read input signals, usually from a potentiometer or through serial communication, to adjust the motor’s speed. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals generated by the Arduino control the motor driver’s output voltage, thereby regulating the motor’s speed. Additionally, feedback mechanisms like encoders or sensors can be incorporated to enhance speed control accuracy. Through this project, enthusiasts can explore principles of electronics, programming, and motor control while developing a practical application of Arduino technology for DC motor speed regulation, contributing to the advancement of embedded systems and automation.

ABSTRACT

DC motors are widely used in industries because of its versatile characteristics and because of power electronics devices its controlling is becoming sophisticated and precise, but on the other hand because of the power electronics devices power factor and total harmonics distortion problem is becoming more prominent. In this paper DC motor control methodology is proposed which includes an Arduino UNO which control dc motor speed using PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) concept. This feature is enabled in UNO to get variable voltage over constant voltage.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Because of low cost, less complex control structure and wide range of speed and torque, DC motor are popular in industry. Available methods of speed control of DC drives are field control, armature control and armature resistance control methods [Christiansen, 2005].

DC Motors are found everywhere: electronics, toys, fans, tools, discs, pumps etc. DC Motor is an actuator that converts the DC supply to rotation or movement.

There are different types of DC motors: Brushed DC motor, Brushless DC motor, Geared DC motor, Servo motor, Stepper motor and DC Linear Actuator.

Different types of motors are used in different applications like Robotics, precision positioning, industrial automation etc.

Generally, when a DC motor is associated with any microcontroller based system, it is often connected using a Motor Driver IC. A Motor Driver IC provides the necessary current for the motor to run. It can also control the direction of the rotation.

In this project, an Arduino based speed and direction control of DC motor without using Motor Driver IC is designed.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to design a device that uses a arduino to control the speed of a dc motor. The objectives are:

To build an arduino based speed and direction control of DC motor without using Motor Driver IC is designed.
To increase efficiency

To program an arduino to produce Pulse Width Modulation.
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The scope of this work focused on the interface of a DC motor to Arduino UNO and control it’s speed using PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) concept. This feature is enabled in UNO to get variable voltage over constant voltage.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Drawback of this method of dc motor speed control is that they are not able to control the motor speed smoothly at lower levels, and as the desired speed is decreased, the torque of the motor also decreases proportionately. Due to this, at any unpredictable point the motor may just halt very abruptly. Also, during power ON, the motor may just not start up at lower speed settings and may require an initial boost by increasing the setting. Such situations are pretty undesirable and do not constitute an ideal speed control.

1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

This device is mostly use in controlling the movement and speed of other devices in industries such as in conveyors.

1.6 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of a motor speed control is to take a signal representing the demanded speed and drive the motor at that speed.

1.7 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

This work is a Simple control of motor speed, it has:

High reliability and
Low initial cost of production

1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.