Design And Implementation Of A Microcontroller Based DC Motor Control
The design and implementation of a microcontroller-based DC motor control system involves integrating various components and programming functionalities to regulate the speed and direction of a DC motor. Utilizing sensors, such as encoders or Hall effect sensors, allows for precise feedback on the motor’s rotational position, facilitating closed-loop control algorithms for enhanced accuracy. The microcontroller, typically chosen based on factors like processing power and input/output capabilities, orchestrates the control logic and interfaces with peripheral devices like motor drivers and user input interfaces. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals generated by the microcontroller regulate the power supplied to the motor, enabling speed control. Additionally, H-bridge motor driver circuits manage the motor’s direction by controlling the polarity of the voltage applied to it. Incorporating safety features like current sensing and overcurrent protection ensures the system’s reliability and longevity. Through careful integration of hardware and software elements, this microcontroller-based DC motor control system optimizes performance, responsiveness, and efficiency, catering to diverse application requirements in industrial automation, robotics, and beyond, while also contributing to improved SEO ranking.
DC motors are widely used in industries because of its versatile characteristics and because of power electronics devices its controlling is becoming sophisticated and precise, but on the other hand because of the power electronics devices power factor and total harmonics distortion problem is becoming more prominent. In this paper DC motor controlled using ATmega8 (AT89C52) microcontroller which is the heart of the system. The microcontrollercontrols the Start, stop and change of direction OR the speed of a dc motor which is activated by pushbutton switches and indicated by LED.
Table of contents
Cover page
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Chapter one
Introduction
1.1 Background of the project
1.2 Objective of the project
1.3 Purpose of the project
1.4 Significance of the project
1.5 Application of the project
1.6 Scope of the project
1.7 Limitation of the project
1.8 Project organization
Chapter two
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Overview of dc motor
2.2 Review of different types dc motor
2.3 Principle of dc motor
2.4 Description of a dc motor
2.5 Review of related studies
Chapter three
3.0 System design methodology
3.1 System block diagram
3.2 System circuit diagram
3.3 Circuit description
3.4 Initialisation and key press
3.5 Power supply unit
3.6 Microcontroller unit
Chapter four
4.0 Test and result analysis
4.1 Installation of the complete design
4.2 Construction procedure and testing
4.3 Casing and packaging
4.4 Assembling of sections
4.5 Testing of system operation
4. Problem encountered
4.7 Cost analysis
Chapter five
Conclusion
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Motion control plays a vital role in industrial automation. Manufacturing plants in industries like chemical, pharmaceutical, plastic and textile, all require motion control. And it may be a flat-belt application, flow control application or mixing of substances. Different types of motors—AC, DC, servo or stepper—are used depending upon the application. Of these, DC motors are widely used because controlling a DC motor is somewhat easier than other kinds of motors.
The motion of a DC motor is controlled using a DC drive. DC drive changes the speed and direction of motion of the motor. Some of the DC drives are just a rectifier with a series resistor that converts standard AC supply into DC and gives it to the motor through a switch and a series resistor to change the speed and direction of rotation of the motor. But many of the DC drives have an inbuilt microcontroller that provides programmable facilities, message display on LCD, precise control and also protection for motors. Using the DC drive you can program the motion of the motor, that is, how it should rotate.
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to design a device that controls, that is, Start, stop and change of direction OR the speed of a dc motor controlled by pushbutton switches and indicated by LED. The heart of this project is ATmega8 (AT89C52) microcontroller. This controller consist of 2 PWM modes
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of a motor speed control is to take a signal representing the demanded speed and drive the motor at that speed and direction.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Speed control of DC motor can achieve using mechanical or electrical techniques but they require large size hardware to implement but Microcontroller based system provides easy way to control the speed of DC motor. Using this PWM method, we can save the power.
1.4 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- Used in industries to control the speed of motors.
- Used in shopping malls.
- We can use this concept to control the light intensity.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Drawback of this method of dc motor speed control is that they are not able to control the motor speed smoothly at lower levels, and as the desired speed is decreased, the torque of the motor also decreases proportionately. Due to this, at any unpredictable point the motor may just halt very abruptly. Also, during power ON, the motor may just not start up at lower speed settings and may require an initial boost by increasing the setting. Such situations are pretty undesirable and do not constitute an ideal speed control.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
DC motor speed controllers are very useful for controlling the motion of robotic and industrial automation systems. The controller presented here uses the pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique. The PWM wave for speed control is generated using Atmel AT89C52 microcontroller. To control the speed of the DC motor, you need a variable-voltage DC power source. When the DC motor is switched on, it takes certain time to reach the full speed. As soon as the power supply is switched on, the DC motor starts gaining speed and if you switch off the power supply before it reaches the maximum rated speed, it starts to slow down.
In case switching on and switching off are done in quick succession, the motor rotates at a slower speed between zero and full rated speed. This is what a PWM technique based controller does: it switches the motor ‘on’ and ‘off’ with a pulse train. To control the motor speed, it varies (modulates) the width of the pulses—hence the pulse-width modulation. When the motor is ‘on’ for a short period and ‘off’ for a long one, it will rotate slowly. When the motor is ‘on’ for most of the time and ‘off’ only for a short while, it will rotate at higher speed, say, nearly at full (maximum) rated speed. In this work, dc motor:
- Is controlled through microcontroller AT89C51.
- Message displayed on the LCD module.
- Start, stop and change of direction of the motor controlled by pushbutton switches and indicated by LED.
- Changes the running mode of the motor to continuous, reversible or jogging.
- Changes the speed of the motor. Time settings are possible for forward and reverse running of the motor
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
SHARE PROJECT MATERIALS ON:
Design and implementation of a microcontroller-based DC motor control system involves creating a circuit and writing the necessary software code to control the speed and direction of a DC motor using a microcontroller. This kind of project is common in various applications, such as robotics, automation, and mechatronics. Here are the key components and steps involved in such a project:
Components:
- DC Motor: The motor you want to control. It could be a simple brushed DC motor or a more complex brushless DC motor, depending on your requirements.
- Microcontroller: A microcontroller like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or a specialized microcontroller board designed for motor control. The choice of microcontroller depends on the project’s complexity and your familiarity with programming and hardware.
- Motor Driver: A motor driver is essential to control the direction and speed of the DC motor. It amplifies the current and voltage supplied by the microcontroller to drive the motor effectively. Common motor drivers include L298N, L293D, or more advanced ones like the DRV8833.
- Power Supply: A suitable power supply for the motor and the microcontroller. The voltage and current ratings should match the motor and microcontroller requirements.
- Sensors (optional): Depending on your application, you might need sensors like encoders or limit switches to provide feedback or control the motor more precisely.
Steps:
- Circuit Design: Create a circuit that connects the microcontroller, motor driver, DC motor, and power supply. Make sure to connect the motor driver’s input pins to the microcontroller’s output pins and power the motor driver properly.
- Programming: Write the software code for your microcontroller. This code should include functions to control the motor’s speed and direction. You’ll typically use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals to control the motor’s speed and logic signals to control its direction.
- Motor Control Algorithm: Implement the control algorithm based on your project’s requirements. This could be simple speed control, position control, or a more complex control algorithm like PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control for precise motor control.
- Feedback (optional): If you’re using sensors for feedback, integrate them into your code. This will allow your system to respond to changes in the motor’s state or external factors.
- Testing and Debugging: Test your system thoroughly, and debug any issues that arise. You may need to fine-tune your control algorithm for optimal performance.
- Safety Considerations: Ensure that your system includes safety features like emergency stop buttons or limit switches to prevent accidents.
- Documentation: Document your circuit design, code, and any special considerations for your specific application.
- Integration: Integrate your motor control system into your overall project, whether it’s a robot, conveyor belt, or any other application.
- Testing and Optimization: Continuously test and optimize your system to ensure it meets the project requirements.
- Deployment: Once your system is thoroughly tested and functioning as expected, deploy it in your application.
Designing and implementing a microcontroller-based DC motor control system can be a complex but rewarding project. It combines electronics, programming, and control theory to create a functional and versatile system for various applications.