Effect Of Stabilization Of Selected Lateritic Soil Using Cement Lime And Bitumen
(A Case Study Uruala, Naze Amuro And Obowo)
The stabilization of selected lateritic soil utilizing cement, lime, and bitumen constitutes a crucial method to bolster its engineering properties for construction applications. This process involves the integration of cement, lime, and bitumen into the soil matrix, thereby augmenting its strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors such as moisture ingress and traffic loading. Cement, renowned for its binding properties, reacts with soil particles to form stable structures, while lime contributes to soil modification through pozzolanic reactions and chemical stabilization mechanisms. Bitumen, with its adhesive properties, further enhances cohesion within the soil matrix, offering improved stability and reduced susceptibility to deformation. Through this comprehensive approach, the engineered lateritic soil exhibits enhanced load-bearing capacity, reduced swell potential, and increased resistance to weathering, thus presenting a sustainable solution for construction projects requiring robust foundation materials.
The soil sample used in this project were collected from Uruala, Obowo, Naze and Amuro Okigwe, and were treated with cement lime and Bitumen. From the data Obtained it is observed that sample from Okiwge and obowo are best stabilize using appropriate % of cement and lime than bitumen but soil from Uruala and Naze can be stabilize using cement, lime and Bitumen.
Stabilizing soil with the additives such as the once used in this project improves soil engineering properties. Optimum moisture content, Maximum dry density, liquid limit, particle size distribution test. The stabilizing agents were used in suitable quantity applying from 3% to 6% to 12% till maximum results were obtain.
As soil stabilization has been widely used as an alternative to substitute the lack of suitable material on site, identifying stabilizing agent and the % of the additive to be applied is necessary in order to reduce cost and achieve the desired goal. The effects of stabilization using cement lime and bitumen on lateritic soil is for the improvement of weak soil to gain the engineering properties of soil, increasing soil shear strength compressibility and permeability.
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.1 Aim and objective 5
1.2 Justification of the study 6
1.4 Area of study 6
1.4 scope of the study 7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 literature Review 8
2.1.0 Soil stabilization 8
2.1.1 Mechanical stabilization 9
2.1.2 Chemical stabilization 10
2.2.0 Soil 12
2.2.1 Types of soil 13
2.2.2 Laterite Definition and theory 15
2.3.0 Engineering properties of soil 16
2.4.0 Purpose and effect of soil stabilization – – 21
2.5.0 Cement 22
2.5.1 Types of cement 23
2.5.2 Characteristics of cement 24
2.5.3 Cement stabilization 25
2.6.0 Lime 31
2.6.1 Lime stabilization 32
2.7.0 Bitumen 34
2.7.1 Bituminous stabilization 34
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Material and methods 38
3.1.0 Materials 38
3.2.0 Laboratory test 38
3.2.1 particle size distribution [sieve analysis] 42
3.2.2 Atterberg limits 44
3.2.3 Plastic limits 45
3.2.4 Liquid limit 47
3.3.0 Compaction test 49
3.4 California Bering Ratio (CBR) 52
CHAPTER FOUR
4 discussion and analysis of result
4.1.0 Characteristics of natural samples
4.1.1 Portide size distribution and atterberge limits
4.2.0 Compaction test results
4.3.0 Characteristics of stabilized materials
4.4.0 Atterberge limits
4.5.0 Cement stabilized samples
4.6.0 Bitumen stabilized sample
4.7.0 California bearing ratio (CDR)
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 86
5.1.0 Conclusion 86
5.2.0 Recommendation 87
References 89
Appendix 90
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.0 BACKGROUND
Studies of soil stabilization by using stabilizing agents such as cement, Bitumen and lime have been conducted on soils in many regions around the world. The use of chemical additives have been used to improve the handling and engineering characteristics of soil for civil engineering purposes. Stabilized soil offer a variable alternative for road structural layers especially in resource scarce areas in Nigerian the practice of using chemical stabilized soil is uncommon, attributed to it’s high cost compared to the cost of bituminous mix concrete.
Effect of stabilization is very essential in the Development of an adequate network of roads, especially in the remote areas is of vital importance in the socio- economic development of villages in a country.
The transportation facilities have to be continuously upgraded and improved so as to keep pace with the traffic demand which is being generated by the development of plans and resultant expanding economy. However development of large network of roads by traditional practices and techniques require hard financial investments. Soil stabilization method using locally available cheaper materials have considerable scope in reducing the initial construction of pavements. The soil deposits location along the coast may be silky sand, silky –clay, soft clay or any other soil type. Soil at a location may be unsuitable wholly or partially, to the requirement of the construction Engineer.
There are various development activities necessitate making use of these lands which do not have the desirable quality as an engineering materials, there are ways dealing with unsatisfactory soils.
1) By pass the bad soil
2) Remove bad soil and replace with good material
3) Redesign the structure and treat the soil to improve it’s engineering property, and this treatment is called soil stabilization .
Obviously engineers are often faced with the problems of constructing road base on or with soil which do not posses sufficient strength to support wheel loads imposed upon them either in construction or during the service life of the pavements or the structure (building). It is at times, necessary to treat these soil. To provide a stable sub-grade or working platform from the construction of the pavement or stable foundation for the construction of the building structure and air fields construction. This project deals with the various methods of involved in soil stabilization.
For example, Mechanical stabilization: It is said to be the process of improving the properties of the soil by changing its gradation, this is to say that; here two or more natural soil are mixed to obtain composite material which is superior to any of it’s component materials. To achieve this goal of getting the desired grading may at times, the soil with grain particles are added or soil with finer particles removed.
For the method to work effectively, the soil are being divided into two categories.
1) The Aggregate: These are soils that have ground bearing skeleton and have particle size larger than 75µ.
2) Binders: There are soils which particles are smaller than 75u and they do not posses bearing skeleton .
Proper blending of aggregate and binder is done to achieve required gradation of the mixed soil. The blended soil should posses both internal friction and cohesion. The material should be workable during placement when such soil is properly placed and compacted, the blended material becomes mechanically stable.
There are factors that constitute to the mechanical stability of the soil these are:
1) Mechanical strength of aggregate
2) Mineral composition
3) Gradation
4) Plasticity characteristics
5) Compaction etc
This project deliberate wholly on the effects of latteratic stabilization using CEMENT, LIME and BITUMEN.
It will also be relevant to all students of civil engineering who wish to expand their knowledge on stabilization and to all those living at the area of the case study.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To be able to determine the effect of stabilization using these stabilizing agents cement, lime and bitumen on laterite of different location.
To compare the behaviour and effect of these laterite of different point during stabilization using different stabilizing agents.
To determine the engineering properties of soil of different location with respect to the use of the materials as stabilizing agent.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Since stabilization is of immense important for the treating a soil in such a manner as to maintain, alter or improving the performance of the soil as a construction materials. This research work will be of great help to all engineering fields that has soil as their basic construction material, in the application of stabilization to achieve the desired soil and the stabilizing agent from such soil to be use as construction material.
1.3 AREA OF STUDY
The study area of this project covers practical application of stabilization using those laterite from different parts of Imo State, namely Uruala, Amauro, Naze and Obowo using the stabilizing agents as cement, lime and Bitumen. These agent is applied in compaction, liquid and plastic limit and California bearing ratio pest to determine the effect of stabilizing laterite with these stabilizing agent.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The project is wholly on the effect of the stabilization of these lateritic soil from AMAURO, NAZE, URUALA and OBOWO using Bitumen, cement lime, using the methods involved in stabilization. Location of samples are limited within Imo state.
SHARE PROJECT MATERIALS ON:
Effect Of Stabilization Of Selected Lateritic Soil Using Cement Lime And Bitumen:
Stabilization of lateritic soil using cement, lime, and bitumen is a common technique in civil engineering and construction to improve the engineering properties of the soil. Each of these stabilizers has specific effects on the soil, and their effectiveness depends on factors such as soil type, project requirements, and environmental conditions. Here’s an overview of the effects of using these stabilizers:
Cement Stabilization:
Cement is often used to stabilize lateritic soils, which are typically highly weathered and may have low strength and poor workability.
The addition of cement increases the soil’s compressive strength, making it suitable for load-bearing applications.
Cement stabilizes the soil by forming chemical bonds with the soil particles, resulting in improved cohesion and reduced permeability.
The curing time for cement-stabilized soil is relatively short, allowing for quick construction.
Lime Stabilization:
Lime is used to stabilize lateritic soils by increasing their plasticity and reducing their swelling potential.
Lime reacts with the clay minerals in the soil, causing flocculation and reducing the plasticity of the soil.
Lime treatment also increases the soil’s pH, which can improve its long-term durability and resistance to acidic conditions.
Lime stabilization is particularly effective for soils with high clay content.
Bitumen Stabilization:
Bitumen is used to stabilize lateritic soils by creating a waterproof barrier within the soil matrix.
It enhances the soil’s resistance to moisture infiltration, making it suitable for applications where water is a concern, such as road construction.
Bitumen stabilization improves the load-bearing capacity of the soil by increasing its cohesion and reducing its susceptibility to erosion.
It also increases the resistance of the stabilized soil to frost and freeze-thaw cycles.
The choice of stabilizer (cement, lime, or bitumen) and the dosage depends on the specific soil properties, the intended use of the stabilized soil, and the local climate conditions. In some cases, a combination of these stabilizers may be used to achieve the desired engineering properties. Proper testing and engineering analysis are essential to determine the appropriate stabilizer and dosage for a given project.
It’s worth noting that while soil stabilization can greatly improve soil properties, it may also have environmental implications, especially when using cement and bitumen, which have a higher carbon footprint. Therefore, it’s important to consider sustainability and environmental factors when selecting a soil stabilization method and to adhere to local regulations and best practices for soil stabilization in construction projects.