Strength Development In Concrete Using Different Type Of Cement
Concrete strength development is a critical aspect of construction, with different types of cement playing a significant role in this process. Portland cement, known for its widespread use in construction, offers reliable early strength due to its rapid hydration, ideal for projects requiring quick setting. However, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash and slag cement enhance long-term strength and durability by mitigating alkali-silica reaction and reducing permeability. Additionally, high-performance cement like high-early-strength and ultra-high-performance cement offers exceptional compressive strength and durability, suitable for specialized applications like high-rise buildings and infrastructure projects. Moreover, blended cements, combining Portland cement with SCMs, exhibit improved workability, reduced heat of hydration, and enhanced strength characteristics, making them environmentally sustainable choices. Employing a variety of cement types in concrete formulations enables tailored solutions to meet specific project requirements, ensuring optimal strength development and structural integrity throughout the lifecycle of the construction.
The essence of this project work is to look into the causes of highway failure and the different types of failure which are presented along the Eliozu – New Airport road in Obio/Akpor L.G.A in River state, taken as a case study. Some factors identify as being responsible for the failure of the chosen road section includes, poor sub grade soil with questionable material. Ground water study is carried out, which give insight to it effect to the failure of the flexible pavement, lack of drainage facilities, improper pavement design, poor compaction and traffic volume increase and lack of maintenance are critically taken into consideration.
Traffic volume count and soil test analysis and test on asphalt such as extraction-gradation test, are properly carryout, of which it result gives an adequate insight to the various causes of the failure situation experience along the road section through this investigation, show that relative to pavement, base course, wearing course and sub base were to less than the requirement for effective functionality of the said road of case study. From the investigation carryout, useful recommendation are made to improve the design and proper ways of reducing the rate of failure in Nigerian highways.
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table Of Content
List Of Tables
List Of Figure
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aims And Objective Of Study
1.2 Scope Of The Project Study
1.3 Background Information Of The Study
Area
1.4 Limitation Of The Study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
2.2 Engineering Properties Of Soil
2.2.1 Soil Properties As Highway Material
2.2.2 Highway Sub-Grade, Sub-Base, Their
Thickness And Shaping
2.2.3 Material Classification
2.2.4 Clay Soils And Their Engineering
Properties
2.2.5 Soil Compaction And Consolidation Efficiencies
2.2.6 Soil Permeability And Compressibility
2.2.7 Ground Water Penetration And Its Effect On Road Bases
2.2.8 Effect Of Void In Highway Pavement
2.3 Types Of Pavement Distress
2.4 Traffic Survey
2.4.1 Interpretation Of Data
2.5 Traffic Capacity Studies
2.5.1 Factors Affecting Practical
Capacity
2.5.2 Traffic Flow Characteristic
2.5.3 Traffic Volume Study
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Site Exploration And Data Analysis
3.2 Source Of Sample
3.4 Ground Water Inspection In The
Location
3.5 Traffic Volume Study
3.6 Rainfall Data
3.7 Soil Test Data
3.8 Soil Classification
3.9 The C.B.R. Method
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 EXPERIMENTATION AND PROCEDURES
4.1 Field Collection Of Soil Sample
4.2 Colour Classification
4.3 Moisture Content
4.4 Specific Gravity Test
4.5 Sieve Analysis
4.6 Atterberg Limit Test
4.6.1 Plastic Limit
4.6.2 Liquid Limit
4.7 Compaction
4.8 Determination Of Water Table
4.10 Test For Bulk Specific Gravity Of Compacted Bituminous Mixtures
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion And Summary
5.1.1 Summary
5.1.2 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
In construction of highway, generally the roads are not designed to last forever. It is been designed to serve some purpose for a specific time. As it can be seen in engineering work, the life span of a road is always an important factor that must be taken into consideration as one of the criteria for the construction. This really depends on the factors like construction procedure and consideration, the soil water relationship, quality of workmanship during the construction and the type of maintenance culture adopted.
Many roads (Highway mostly) are seen widely as attaining the state of failure and show signs of distress before the expected life span used for construction is reach, due to the lack of factors such as lack of maintenance culture etc. many of our road today serve as death trap and hang out for hoodlums going by the number of accident recorded daily on them as a result of bad paved road.
Pavement failure can be defined as the failure of the constructed layer of durable material of specified thickness, usually of concrete, asphalt or bituminous materials assigned to carry wheeled vehicles. Due to the number of load passing through a pavement structure, some deflection of the surface and underlying layers occur. The deflection can be as a result of the excess load, poor material usage, and poor road foundation resulting from the nature of the soil or groundwater rise in the area of high groundwater level. If layers are lacking in strength, repeated applications causes roughening and cracking that ultimately lead to failure of the pavement structure.
The construction of the Eliozu-New Airport road, which was constructed a while ago, sudden failure due to improper investigation of either the soil composition or traffic capacity situation in the said section of the road networking, lack of proper drainage to control the effect of rise in groundwater level. The pavement thickness of the road section as measure was about 3.87inches (98.3mm) and the width of the dual carriage way about 7.9m with no proper shoulder and drainage provided.
The effort of put in controlling the rate of failure and provision for annually increase of traffic capacity has been a thing of burden to the government of the River State in particular and the Federal government in general. By questioning and observation, failure of the said Eliozu-New Airport road as it problem from compounded presence of water coming out at a particular points on the road surface poor material and workmanship and pressure from increasing traffic capacities on the road pavement of which the government is making provision for overhead bridge which is currently in construction and it is found out that most at a point like Eliozu junction by ABC shuttle, the pavement bituminous material on the road have disappear.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The major objective of this investigation is to ascertain factors that likely lead to the failure of Eliozu-New Airport road in Obio/Akpor L.G.A. of River State in particular and Nigeria Highways in general and how it affect national stability and development. This project work stand at a point to unveil the very facts behind why most of the roads fail soon after construction.
The count carryout will broadly provide information on the actual traffic volume and the capacity of traffic and will help in used for possible traffic planning and design.
It shall lead in proper construction of highway and remedy that will possible give a lasting solution and reduction in road failures. The several test such as test on asphalt, test on soil will provided better facts to the cause of the failure of the case study.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT STUDY
The whole section of the road was visited (Reconnaissance) and failure pattern noted.
The project scope includes:
– Assessment of kind of failure and causes on the Eliozu-New Airport road.
– Soil samples collection and testing and analysis to determine the sub-grade, sub-base strength of the road foundation.
– Assessment of underground water level and its affect on the pavement.
– Assessment of traffic capacity intensity on the networking plan of the road and volume determination.
– Assessment of drainage condition and proper drainage provision.
– Assessment of the proportion and amount of bitumen and finer used in the Asphalt mixture used for the surface course.
– Classification of the soil according to ASSHATO classification system.
– Enumeration of possible pavement distresses that are found along a road section.
1.3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA
The location of which this investigation is been carryout is a road network located at Obio/Akpor L.G.A at the out script of Port-Harcourt, River State. The road is from Eliozu junction to Airport road leading to Elele of which concentration is lay on the Eliozu junction where ABC shuttle is, at where over head bridge is undergoing construction currently to where the Eliozu-New airport road intersect with the airport road.
1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research was carried out under the limits of the available material and resources. The work is centre on soil sample testing and classification, asphalt testing and traffic volume and effect of groundwater on road bases.
The following factors hinder the prompt attainment of this project work.
– Lack of laboratory facilities
– Cost of the project work
– Time proximities.
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Strength Development In Concrete Using Different Type Of Cement:
Strength development in concrete is a crucial aspect of construction, and the type of cement used plays a significant role in determining the concrete’s compressive strength over time. Different types of cement have varying properties and characteristics, which can influence the rate and ultimate strength of concrete. Here’s an overview of how different types of cement affect strength development in concrete:
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC):
OPC is the most commonly used cement in construction.
It typically reaches its peak compressive strength after about 28 days.
Early strength development is relatively slower compared to some other cement types.
The long-term strength can be high, making it suitable for most construction applications.
Rapid Hardening Cement (RHC):
RHC is designed to achieve higher early strength than OPC.
It gains strength rapidly and reaches a significant portion of its ultimate strength within a few days.
This type of cement is often used in applications where quick formwork removal or early loading is required.
High-Early Strength Cement (HESC):
HESC is similar to RHC but gains even higher early strength.
It is used in situations where extremely early strength development is needed, such as in cold weather concreting or emergency repairs.
Low Heat Cement (LHC):
LHC is designed to generate less heat during the hydration process, making it suitable for massive concrete structures.
It generally has a slower rate of strength development compared to OPC but can achieve comparable long-term strength.
Sulphate Resisting Cement (SRC):
SRC is used in environments where the concrete is exposed to sulfates, which can degrade regular cement.
It typically has a strength development profile similar to OPC but offers better resistance to sulfate attack.
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC):
PPC contains pozzolanic materials like fly ash, which can enhance long-term strength.
While its early strength development may be slightly slower than OPC, PPC can achieve comparable or even higher strengths over time.
Blended Cements:
Blended cements combine various cementitious materials, such as OPC with slag or fly ash.
These blends can offer a balance between early and long-term strength development, depending on the specific mix proportions.
High Alumina Cement (HAC):
HAC develops high early strength and is used in specialized applications like refractory concrete or quick repairs.
However, it can exhibit reduced long-term durability if not properly cured and used.
To optimize strength development in concrete, it’s essential to choose the appropriate type of cement based on project requirements, environmental conditions, and curing practices. Additionally, factors such as the water-cement ratio, curing temperature, and mix design also influence the concrete’s strength development. Proper quality control and testing are essential to ensure that the concrete meets the desired strength requirements.