Influence Of Sexual Musical Videos On The Sexual Orientation Of Students

This study was carried out on the influence of sexual musical videos on the sexual orientation of students using some selected secondary schools in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue State as case study. The survey design was adopted and the simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprise of students and teachers of some selected secondary schools in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue State. In determining the sample size, the researcher purposefully selected 200 respondents and 150 were validated. Self-constructed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaires were analyzed using frequency tables.While the hypotheses were tested using Chi- square statistical tool. The result of the findings reveals that the extent students watch sexual musical videos is high. The study also revealed that sexual musical videos has an influence on students" sexual orientation. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between the effect of sexual musical videos on male and female students. And Sexual musical videos influences students indulgence in sexual activities. Therefore, it is recommended that Nigerian Hip Hop artistes should promote values, norms and culture of Nigeria through their music while government and other regulating agencies should stand up to sensitize and censor music that are lyrically and visually bad for public consumption. Parents on the other hand, should consciously censor the kind of videos their adolescents screen online by checking the previous history after using the internet. Parents are also discouraged from purchasing android phones for secondary school students until their university level or beyond. To mention but few.

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Music videos have often been criticized for their large amount of stereotypical sexual content, and their potential to shape viewers" beliefs about sexual behavior (e.g., Greenberg & Hofschire, 2000; Zhang, Miller, & Harrison, 2008). In fact, over two thirds of the music videos on music television channels seem to feature sexual portray- als and erotic content (Hansen & Hansen, 2000; Wright, 2009). This content is often gender-stereotypical: Women are typically portrayed in submissive roles and men as dominant and (sexually) aggressive (Andsager & Roe, 2003; Sommers-Flanagan, Sommers-Flanagan, & Davis, 1993). Watching music videos with sexual or erotic con- tent, which we will call "sexual music videos," has been found to be associated with beliefs about women as sex objects (Kistler & Lee, 2009), acceptance of rape myths (Aubrey, Hopper, & Mbure, 2011; Kistler & Lee, 2009), as well as sexual permissive- ness and stereotypical gender attitudes (Kistler & Lee, 2009; Zhang et al., 2008).

Adolescents may be particularly susceptible to an influence of sexual music vid- eos when forming sexual beliefs (Hansen & Hansen, 2000; Ward, 2002; Ward & Friedman, 2006; Wright, 2009). Adolescence is by definition a period in which sexual beliefs are still developing (Gruber & Grube, 2000), and adolescents often turn to the mass media for information about sexuality (Brown & Bobkowski, 2011; Wright, 2009). Adolescents are the most frequent users of music videos, viewing them on average 10 hours a week (Borzekowski, Robinson, & Killen, 2000; Robinson, Chen, & Killen, 1998; Ward & Friedman, 2006; Wingood et al., 2003), and between 30 minutes and 3 hours per day (Roberts & Christenson, 2012; Ward, Hansbrough, & Walker, 2005). Moreover, music is a highly involving, pleasurable medium for ado- lescents (Roberts & Christenson, 2012). Such engagement with music, in combination with the high levels of pleasure and arousal that music videos elicit (Hansen & Hansen, 1990, 2000), makes an influence of the messages included in music videos on adolescents likely. Finally, music videos are now increasingly available, and potentially more pervasive than ever due to Web sites such as YouTube and multiple viewing platforms, including mobile phones, portable digital video/ music players, and computers (Wallis, 2011).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite our increasing knowledge about the effects of sexual music videos on stereotypical sexual beliefs among adolescents, at least two issues have been insufficiently addressed in the literature. A first issue concerns the scarcity of research on the effects of sexual music videos on misogynistic beliefs related to sexual aggression among adolescents, a few notable exceptions notwithstanding (Aubrey et al., 2011; Johnson, Adams, Ashburn, & Reed, 1995; Kaestle, Halpern, & Brown, 2007). This lack of research is striking given the frequent concerns about the misogynistic content (i.e., the dislike of, and negativity toward, women) of sexual music videos (Aubrey et al., 2011; Kistler & Lee, 2009; Zhang et al., 2008). Specifically, externally valid longitudinal research on the effects of sexual music videos on misogynistic beliefs among adolescents is still lacking (Roberts & Christenson, 2012). Moreover, current research on the effects of sexual music videos on stereotypical beliefs among adolescents does not take into account that sexual music videos may differ in the type and degree of misogynistic content, for example, depending on the artists" gender. The first aim of the present study was therefore to investigate possible differential longitudinal effects of sexual music videos by male and female artists on misogynistic beliefs among adolescents.
A second issue concerns the lack of research on the processes that underlie the effects of sexual music videos.

Research on how music videos influence viewers" beliefs is scarce and has mainly focused on cognitive involvement (Ward, 2002; Ward & Rivadeneyra, 1999) or priming effects (Hansen, 1989; Hansen & Hansen, 1988; Hansen & Krygowski, 1994; Ward et al., 2005). However, when explaining the effects of media entertainment, affective responses are generally considered essential (Vorderer, Klimmt, & Ritterfeld, 2004). This is especially relevant for sexual music videos, which have been shown to elicit high levels of pleasure and arousal (Hansen & Hansen, 1990, 2000). Given previous research on the role of pleasure and arousal in explaining effects of sexual media content (e.g., Wright, 2011; Wright, Malamuth, & Donnerstein, 2012), it is conceivable that affective engagement plays a role in explaining the effects of sexual music videos on misogynistic beliefs.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main aim of this study is to examine the influence of sexual musical videos on the sexual orientation of students. Other objectives of this study are:

To determine the extent students watch sexual musical videos.

To determine whether sexual musical videos has an influence on students" sexual orientation.

To determine whether there is a significant difference between the effect of sexual musical videos on male and female students.

To ascertain whether sexual musical videos influences students indulgence in sexual activities.

1.4 Research Questions

To what extent does students watch sexual musical videos?

Does sexual musical videos have an influence on students" sexual orientation?

Is there any significant difference between the effect of sexual musical videos on male and female students?

To what extent does sexual musical videos influence students indulgence in sexual activities?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses will be validate this study:

H01: The extent to students watch sexual musical videos is not high.

H02: Sexual musical videos does not have an influence on students.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will be of immense benefits to student, school management as it would help in creating awareness in the society on the effects of sexual music videos in the society.

The study will be significant to the academic community as it will contribute to the existent literature.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the influence of sexual musical videos on the sexual orientation of students. Specifically, this study focuses ondetermining the extent students watch sexual musical videos,determining whethersexual musical videos has an influence on students" sexual orientation. determining whether there is a significant difference between the effect of sexual musical videos on male and female students. And ascertaining whether sexual musical videos influences students indulgence in sexual activities.The respondents for this study will be obtained from selected secondary schools in Gboko Local Government Area of Benue State.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

In the course of carrying out this study, the researcher experienced some constraints, which included time constraints, financial constraints, language barriers, and the attitude of the respondents. However, the researcher were able to manage these just to ensure the success of this study.

Moreover, the case study method utilized in the study posed some challenges to the investigator including the possibility of biases and poor judgment of issues. However, the investigator relied on respect for the general principles of procedures, justice, fairness, objectivity in observation and recording, and weighing of evidence to overcome the challenges.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Musical Videos:

A video recording of a performance of popular music.

1.10 Organization of the Studies

The study is categorized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, research questions and hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope/limitations of the study, and definition of terms. The chapter two covers the review of literature with emphasis on conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and empirical review. Likewise, the chapter three which is the research methodology, specifically covers the research design, population of the study, sample size determination, sample size, and selection technique and procedure, research instrument and administration, method of data collection, method of data analysis, validity and reliability of the study, and ethical consideration. The second to last chapter being the chapter four presents the data presentation and analysis, while the last chapter(chapter five) contains the summary, conclusion and recommendation.

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objective of the Study

1.4 Research Questions

1.5 Research Hypothesis

1.6 Significance of the Study

1.7 Scope of the Study

1.8 Limitation of the Study

1.9 Definition of Terms

1.10 Organization of the Study

Chapter Two:

Review of Literature

2.1 Conceptual Framework

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.3 Empirical Review

Chapter Three:

Research Methodology

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Population of the Study

3.3 Sample Size Determination

3.4 Sample Size Selection Technique and Procedure

3.5 Research Instrument and Administration

3.6 Method of Data Collection

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

3.8 Validity of the Study

3.9 Reliability of the Study

3.10 Ethical Consideration

Chapter Four:

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1 Data Presentation

4.2 Analysis of Data

4.3 Answering Research Questions

4.4 Test of Hypotheses

Chapter Five:

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

References

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

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