Adsorption Of Palm Oil With Synthetic Adsorbent (Coal)
The adsorption of palm oil with synthetic adsorbents, such as coal, presents an innovative approach for the purification and separation of palm oil constituents. By leveraging the adsorptive properties of coal, specifically its high surface area and pore structure, palm oil can be effectively purified by removing impurities and undesirable compounds. This process involves the adsorption of target molecules onto the surface of the coal adsorbent, thereby enhancing the quality and stability of the palm oil product. Through careful optimization of adsorption conditions, including temperature, pressure, and contact time, the efficiency of the adsorption process can be maximized, resulting in improved product yield and quality. Furthermore, the utilization of synthetic adsorbents like coal offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for palm oil refining, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly practices in the food industry while meeting the demands for high-quality palm oil products.
This project was Carrie lent using sub-bituminous coal and crude palm oil. The degree of bleaching of the palm oil was monitored with a spectorphoto meter. The coal was collected in a lump from the mine. It air-chiecl to removed the moisture content and thereafter, size reduced to a small particle size foe effective activation.
The activation process was carried out in a fume cup board and phosphoric acid was used as an activated agent.
In the treatment of palm oil, sodium hydro rude was used for the neutralization and rude acid for the deodorization of palm oil. Some experiment were also conducted to test for the iodine value, specification value, peroxide value, acidity value, melting point, free fatly acid value, and viscosity of palm oil.
After the preliminary treatment, the colour of palm oil was tested with a spectrophomenter to determined the initial colour of the palm oil. 100ml of these palm oil was measured into a beaker,10g of coal activated carbon with the particle size of 0.185mm was added to the beaker and heated at a temperature of 1000c for 40minute.
The oil was allow to cooled, thereafter it was filtered with a filter paper to collect the filtrate. The colour of the bleached oli tested to determined the degree of beaching.
The same experiment was repeated with the same weight of coal activated carbon at two difference temperature of 1500c and 2000c the result obtained was recorded and the colour reduction was, at 1000c, colour reduction was 57%, at 1500c, the % colour reduction was 75%,at 2000c, the % colour reduction was 81%.
The same experiment was also conduction with 10g each of 0.45 particle size of activated carbon for three difference temperature of 1000c, 1500c and 2000c at a constant time of 40 minute each.
The result obtained was recorded and colour reduction for each experiment was, at 1000c, % colour reduction was 52%, at 1500,% colour reduction was 69%, at 2000c,% colour reduction 70%. It was observed that the smallest particle size of coal activated carbon has a higher percentage of colour reduction. Also it was noticed that, as the temperature of heating increases, colour reduction also increase.
Preliminary
Letter of Transmittal
Approval Page
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 Scope/Objective of The Project
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Theory of Adsorption
2.12 Type of Adsorption
2.13 Equilibrium Relations of Adsorption
(A) Langmuir Isotherm Theory
(B) Brunur-Emmett-Teller Theory
(C) Freunlich Isotherm
2.2 Plam Oil
2.22 Composition of Palm Oil
2.23 Properties of Palm Oil
2.24 Uses of Palm Oil
2.31 History of Coal in Nigeria
2.32 Coal Formation
2.33 Classification of Coal
2.34 Properties of Coal
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Activation of Coal
3.12 Experimental Method of Coal Activation
3.13 Test For Porosity & Density
3.20 Preliminary Treatment of Palm Oil
2.23 Characterization of Palm Oil
3.3 Method of Adsorption
3.4 Experiment Result
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Analysis of Result
4.1 Analysis of Coal Activated Carbon
4.2 Analysis of Palm Oil
4.3 Analysis of Colour Reduction
.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Recommendation
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Reference.
INTRODUCTION
In Niger we are blessed with abundant mineral resources, which include crude oil, palm oil clay and coal etc. some of the resources are refined and exported while some are exported in crude form for foreign exchange. Nigeria being one of the developing countries, the over-dependence on the importation of these refined and high has result in an economic degradation and high standard of living.
Some of these mineral resource, because they are crude in the natural sence, thy must be refined before it is fit for human consumption and other industrial application. For instance, palm oil processed from palm fruit has to be refined to remove impurities and the yellowish red colour to made it more suitable for human consumption and other industrial processes. This project research is focusing on the rate of adsorption of these palm oil with synthetic adsorbent (coal)
Coal is a black combustible solid rich in carbon and some variety of hydrocarbon. It is found in a stratified sedimentary deposit sometime at great depths. All coal owe their origin to slow decomposition and chemical conversion of immense masses of organic mineral. Coal can be classified according to rank, than is according to the degree of metamorphosing in the series which are mostly base on the carbon content of the coal substance. The ranks of coal are peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal.
Coal has being tested to be an adsorbent, thus, this research work is to determine the rate of adsorption of palm oil with these adsorbent. Palm oil belong to the family of lipids which are compounds that are soluble in organic solvent like ester, acetone, alcohol, chloroform but insoluble in water. Crude palm oil be refine through the method of degumming, dandification, deodorization, bleaching, neutralization etc.
1.2 SCOPE/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this project research is to determine the rate of adsorption of palm oil with synthetic adsorbent (coal). The refining of palm oil using synthetic adsorbent at various time internal and temperature will be used to detect the extent the purity and colour change in natural palm oil. This involves the following steps. I the activation coal and 2, adsorption process proper.
Adsorption Of Palm Oil With Synthetic Adsorbent (Coal):
Adsorption of palm oil with a synthetic adsorbent like coal is a process used for the removal of palm oil from various aqueous or organic solutions. This can be important in industries like food processing, wastewater treatment, and oil spill cleanup. Coal, which is a porous material, can be an effective adsorbent for palm oil due to its high surface area and affinity for nonpolar substances. Here’s an overview of the process:
1. Selection of Coal as an Adsorbent:
Coal is chosen as an adsorbent due to its porous nature and high surface area, which provides ample sites for the adsorption of palm oil molecules.
2. Preparation of Coal:
Coal should be properly prepared before use. This may involve grinding the coal to a suitable particle size and washing it to remove impurities and dust.
3. Contacting Palm Oil with Coal:
The palm oil-containing solution is brought into contact with the coal adsorbent. This can be done through various methods such as batch adsorption or continuous flow processes.
4. Adsorption Process:
During contact, the nonpolar components of palm oil, such as triglycerides and fatty acids, are adsorbed onto the surface of the coal particles. This is typically a physical adsorption process based on the attractive forces between the nonpolar molecules and the adsorbent.
5. Separation and Recovery:
After the adsorption process, the coal and palm oil mixture needs to be separated. This can be done through filtration, centrifugation, or other solid-liquid separation techniques. The recovered palm oil can be further purified if necessary.
6. Regeneration of Coal:
To make the process cost-effective, the coal adsorbent can often be regenerated for reuse. This involves desorbing the adsorbed palm oil from the coal surface, typically by using heat or solvents. The regenerated coal can then be reused for adsorption.
7. Monitoring and Quality Control:
Throughout the process, it’s essential to monitor parameters such as adsorption capacity, efficiency, and the quality of the recovered palm oil to ensure that the process is effective and consistent.
8. Environmental Considerations:
It’s important to consider the environmental impact of using coal as an adsorbent. Proper disposal of spent coal or treatment of any waste generated during the process should be in compliance with environmental regulations.
9. Optimization:
The efficiency of the adsorption process can be optimized by adjusting parameters such as contact time, coal particle size, temperature, and the concentration of palm oil in the solution.
10. Safety:
Safety measures should be in place when handling coal and palm oil to prevent accidents and ensure the well-being of personnel involved in the process.
Using coal as a synthetic adsorbent for palm oil removal can be effective, but it’s important to consider the specific requirements and constraints of your application and to optimize the process accordingly. Additionally, exploring alternative and more sustainable adsorbents is advisable due to environmental concerns associated with coal usage.