Analysis Of Deep Cycle Battery And Charging

ABSTRACT

There are many types and form of energy in the world. Presently, electrical energy is most popular form of usable energy in the world. Sometimes it is needed to store this energy. The most convenient way of storing electrical energy is storing in the battery. The electrical energy is stored as chemical energy in a battery. When the terminals of a battery are connected through a resistive load, electrical energy passes through the circuit. Since the electricity can be practically stored in the battery almost in a pollution freeway. Easy control and store of electrical energy in batteries make it attractive in comparison with other forms of energy storage medium. Electricity from the Battery can find numerous applications in home, industry and vehicle systems.

The aim of this work is to carry out an analysis performance of a deep cycle battery and the charging system. The main responsibility was to test different elements such as specific gravity, nominal voltage, capacity, cycle efficiency, maximum depth of discharge (at lower cutoff voltage) of battery in the laboratory. Tests also showed the relationship between battery terminal voltage and state of charge (SOC) as well as the change in battery performance at different temperatures. Laboratory test cells were calculated and compared to their electrical and   electronics properties.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
  • PROBLEM STATEMENT
  • AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
  • DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• WORKING PRINCIPAL OF BATTERY
• PERFORMANCE LEAD ACID BATTERY
• BATTERY CLASSIFICATION
• COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       METHODOLOGY

3.1        DEEP CYCLE BATTERY DESCRIPTION

3.2        CHARGING AND DISCHARGING PROFILE

3.3        WORKING DURING CHARGE

3.4        STATE OF CHARGE (SOC) AND DEPTH OF DISCHARGE (DOD)

3.5        CAPACITY AND REGULATION

3.6        RELATION BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND ELECTROLYTE

3.7        CELL CHARACTERISTIC OF DEEP CYCLE BATTERY

3.8        CAUTIONS OF DEEP CYCLE BATTERY

3.9        CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CHAPTER FOUR

• PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BATTERIES

4.1   TESTING METHODOLOGY

4.2    BATTERY CHARGING AND DISCHARGING PROCEDURE

4.3    CYCLE EFFICIENCY

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                               INTRODUCTION

1.1                          BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained within its active materials directly into electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction. This type of reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one material to another via an electric circuit.

While the term battery is often used, the basic electrochemical element being referred to is the cell. A battery consists of two or more cells electrically connected in series to form a unit. In common usage, the terms battery and cell are used interchangeably.

Batteries are either primary or secondary. Primary batteries can be used only once because the chemical reactions that supply the electrical current are irreversible. Secondary (or storage) batteries can be used, charged, and reused. In these batteries, the chemical reactions that supply electrical current are readily reversed so that the battery is charged.

Primary batteries are common since they are cheap and easy to use. Familiar primary battery uses are in flashlights, watches, toys, and radios. The most common use for secondary (storage) batteries is for starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) in automobiles and engine- generator sets. Other applications include uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) for emergency and backup power, electric vehicles (traction), telecommunications, and portable tools.

1.2                                                         PROBLEM STATEMENT

The economic development of a nation is directly involved with usage of electrical energy. Thus there is always need of increase in electrical power usage for the industrial development of a country and various uses as well as to raise economic status. But there is always a shortage of electrical power in our country. The demand is likely to increase in the years to come. On the hand there is a great demand of Electrical energy in Rural off grid areas too. To meet the electrical demand of the rural areas the Solar Home system is gradually getting popularity. The lead acid battery is a vital component of solar home system as storage medium.

The study was carried out to improve the understanding of the analysis of a deep cycle battery and safety precautions for deep cycle batteries thereby preventing problems and damage to facilities.

1.3                                            AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to carry out the analysis of deep cycle battery based of charging, maintenance, testing, replacement, sizing and installation of deep cycle batteries. The objectives of the study are:

• To identify the active materials in the lead-acid
• To describe the effects of temperature and discharge rate on battery capacity and
• To identify the three most common applications of lead-acid
• To identify and describe charging
• To identify safety precautions for operating and maintaining lead-acid
• To identify federal regulations governing lead-acid battery
• To identify the two basic types of “maintenance-free” batteries.
• To describe the effect that overcharging has on gassing and thermal

1.4                                                   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will serve as a means of identifying the differences between primary and secondary batteries and to identify the major types of lead-acid storage batteries including the charging, maintenance, testing, replacement, sizing and installation of deep cycle batteries.

1.5                                                         DEFINITION OF TERMS

Ampere-Hour – One ampere-hour is equal to a current of one ampere flowing for one hour. A unit-quantity of electricity used as a measure of the amount of electrical charge that may be obtained from a storage battery before it requires recharging.

Ampere-Hour Capacity – The number of ampere-hours, which can be delivered by a storage battery on a single discharge. The ampere-hour capacity of a battery on discharge is determined by a number of factors, of which the following are the most important: final limiting voltage; quantity of electrolyte; discharge rate; density of electrolyte; design of separators; temperature, age, and life history of the battery; and number, design, and dimensions of electrodes.

Anode – In a primary or secondary cell, the metal electrode that gives up electrons to the load circuit and dissolves into the electrolyte.

Aqueous Batteries – Batteries with water-based electrolytes.

Battery – A device that transforms chemical energy into electric energy. The term is usually applied to a group of two or more electric cells connected together electrically. In common usage, the term “battery” is also applied to a single cell, such as a household battery.

Battery Capacity: The electric output of a cell or battery on a service test delivered before the cell reaches a specified final electrical condition and may be expressed in ampere-hours, watt-hours, or similar units. The capacity in watt-hours is equal to the capacity in ampere-hours multiplied by the battery voltage.

Battery Charger:  A device capable of supplying electrical energy to a battery.

Battery-Charging Rate: The current expressed in amperes at which a storage battery is charged.

Capacity: The quantity of electricity delivered by a battery under specified conditions, usually expressed in ampere-hours.

Cathode: In a primary or secondary cell, the electrode that, in effect, oxidizes the anode or absorbs the electrons.

Cell: An electrochemical device, composed of positive and negative plates, separator, and electrolyte, which is capable of storing electrical energy. When encased in a container and fitted with terminals, it is the basic “building block” of a battery.

Charge: Applied to a storage battery, the conversion of electric energy into chemical energy within the cell or battery. This restoration of the active materials is accomplished by maintaining a unidirectional current in the cell or battery in the opposite direction to that during discharge; a cell or battery which is said to be charged is understood to be fully charged.

Charge Rate: The current applied to a secondary cell to restore its capacity. This rate is commonly expressed as a multiple of the rated capacity of the cell. For example, the C/10 charge rate of a 500 Ah cell is expressed as,

C/10 rate = 500 Ah / 10 h = 50 A.

Charging: The process of supplying electrical energy for conversion to stored chemical energy.

Cycle: One sequence of charge and discharge. Deep cycling requires that all the energy to an end voltage established for each system be drained from the cell or battery on each discharge. In shallow cycling, the energy is partially drained on each discharge; i.e., the energy may be any value up to 50%.

Cycle Life: For secondary rechargeable cells or batteries, the total number of charge/discharge cycles the cell can sustain before it becomes inoperative. In practice, end of life is usually considered to be reached when the cell or battery delivers approximately 80% of rated ampere-hour capacity.

Depth of Discharge: The relative amount of energy withdrawn from a battery relative to how much could be withdrawn if the battery were discharged until exhausted.

Discharge: The conversion of the chemical energy of the battery into electric energy.

Discharge, deep: Withdrawal of all electrical energy to the end-point voltage before the cell or battery is recharged.

Discharge, high-rate – Withdrawal of large currents for short intervals of time, usually at a rate that would completely discharge a cell or battery in less than one hour.

Discharge, low-rate – Withdrawal of small currents for long periods of time, usually longer than one hour.

Electrode – An electrical conductor through which an electric current enters or leaves a conducting medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum. For electrolytic solutions, many solids, and molten masses, an electrode is an electrical conductor at the surface of which a change occurs from conduction by electrons to conduction by ions. For gases and vacuum, the electrodes merely serve to conduct electricity to and from the medium.