Analysis Of Eket 132/33Kv Transmission Station Loading Profiles Power Utilization Prospects.

Efficient electric power transmission is a major concern in Nigeria. Electric power transmission is the link between power generation and power distribution network. The performance evaluation of the 132/33KV Sub-transmission lines is a research work carried out to ascertain the status of the networks for better performance. This paper addresses the defects identified in the power network, including transmission substations, distribution transformers, existing in the network, record of load measurements and load estimation carried out in Eket. Recommendations on the maintenance of these electrical facilities by the federal and state government and other stack holders were made.
 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS RESEARCH WORK
• SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH WORK
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS RESEARCH WORK

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
• DESRIPTION OF ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION
• PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION
• OVERVIEW OF THE SUBSTATION
• TYPES OF SUBSTATIONS
• SUBSTATION CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATION
• NIGERIA POWER TRANSMISSION INDUSTRY
• POWER TRANSMISSION NETWORK REGIONS IN NIGERIA
• TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES
• IMPROVING TRANSMISSION NETWORKS
• IMPACT OF ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY AND OUTAGES
• POWER SYSTEMS NETWORKS IMPROVEMENT METHODS
• UPGRADES OF POWER SYSTEMS NETWORK COMPONENTS AND LOAD FLOW
• DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR IMPROVING POWER SYSTEMS NETWORKS

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• AREA OF STUDY
• DATA COLLECTION
• ASSESSMENT AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DEFECTS
• LOAD READINGS
• POWER SUPPLY
• LOAD ESTIMATION

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1      RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The nature of mankind in retrospect and the present- day civilization proved that man’s life depends on energy. Thus, there is no doubt in future, our existence will continue to depend on energy more and more. Electrical energy occupies the top position in the energy hierarchy.

Energy provides the power for the progress of any country. The natural resources of a nation may be large but they can only be turned into wealth if they are developed, used and exchanged for other goods. This cannot be achieved without energy. The energy sector of any country occupies a place of central importance in term of its relative contribution to the national socio-economic goal of raising the productivity and therefore, higher living standard. Of all the sectors comprising the energy sector, electricity has greater impact on the lives of the citizenry [Gupta, J, 2014].

From the very beginning, energy has played a vital role in the development of civilization. There has been a universal basic drive towards better living through expanded utilization of energy so far discovered. Power interruptions due to occurrence of system faults constitute a major challenge to electricity consumers in Nigeria. A power system supplies both large and small consumers with electrical energy. In modern society, continuous supply of energy is always expected but this is not possible practically due to random failures, which are generally outside the control of power system Engineers.

It is not always feasible and economical to generate electric power at the location of its use. Consequently, bulk energy generated in the generating stations must be transmitted over a long distance via an electric transmission network to consumer. In power network, bulk power move on the grid or transmission links. From the grid, power is then sub-and fed into the sub-transmission portions of the power network. Finally, the individual small and large consumers are serviced from the distribution network [Hadi, S., 2004].

The power supply situation in Nigeria, and Akwa Ibom State in particular, is very poor and it is expected that the state will derive maximum benefit from the 191MW Power Station being built at Ikot Abasi, hence there is the need to assess the existing situation of the power supply and distribution in three major towns of Akwa Ibom state. The three towns are Uyo, Ikot Ekpene and Eket.

Electricity distributing utility management can be defined as a system process of cost-effectively, operating, maintaining and upgrading of electrical assets by combining engineering practices and economic analysis with sound business practice (Davidson, 2005). The distribution of electricity is a natural monopoly (i.e., it is not economically realistic with parallel infrastructures) (Wallnestrom, 2008).

For the case of Akwa Ibom State, the scope of the assessment includes survey of the existing distribution network, survey of areas not connected which can be considered for future expansion, survey of major supply into the towns, load management and collaboration with local Power Holding Company of Nigeria to confirm if any expansion program is in the offing.

Generally, fault occurs on a power system when one or more energized conductors contact other conductors or ground. Of course, in the event of insulation failure, it may not be necessary for the conductor to be in contact. A fault can also occur with the current flowing through an ionized path, which could be through air or some other substances. Fault may also occur through breaking of conductor due to excessive heat or mechanical stresses. Therefore, fault in an electric power system can be defined as a defect in the electrical circuit due to which current is diverted from the intended path with increase in magnitude. In order words, fault is the abnormal condition of the electrical system which damages the electrical equipment and disturbs the normal flow of the electric current [Deepak, S., 2001]. It is at the consumers’ end the frequent faults are experienced. A fault occurs on a power system when one or more energized conductors contact other conductors or ground. These faults may be symmetrical or unsymmetrical. A symmetrical fault occurs when there is a contact between the three conductors of a 3 phase line which lead to equal magnitude of fault current with 1200 ‘phase displacement while unsymmetrical fault always lead to an unequal fault currents with unequal phase displacement such as single phase to ground fault, two phase to ground fault, phase to phase fault. Of course, in the event of insulation failure, it may not be necessary for the conductor to be in contact. A fault can also occur with the current flowing through an ionized path, which could be through air or some other substances [Odesola, 2014].

During fault, the voltage between the two parts is reduced to zero for metal-to-metal contact or to a very low value if the short circuit path is through an arc. Thus, currents of abnormally high magnitude flow through the system to fault point. When there is a fault, consumers are denied of electricity supply [5]. Hence, the need for this paper which is to investigate the problems of operation and service delivery on 132kV/33kV transmission station using Eket transmission station a case study. However, over the years, Eket has been experiencing erratic supply of electricity and of poor quality, which has made many industries to fold up in the area.

Similarly, due to accelerated growth and industrial development in Eket and the attendant increase in load demand, there is need for more transmission station connected to the grid in Eket. The substation should be designed and operated to meet customers’ needs at the lowest possible cost commensurate with the quality of service desired. Hence, this paper work is to analysis the problems associated with the prevailing power failure in Eket transmission Station, suggest possible solution and specify measures necessary for a reliable and efficient operation.

This paper present detailed record of the defects identified in the distribution network including injection substations, detailed network of distribution transformers existing in the network, record of load measurements carried out in Uyo, Ikot Ekpene, and Eket were discussed including the load estimation for the three towns.

1.2                                               PROBLEM STATEMENT

The major challenges in the power system industry in Nigeria is the inability of the transmission companies to effectively manage the reactive power flow problem, inadequate power generation resulting to low voltage profile and load shedding operation; operating transmission lines beyond its limit could result to voltage collapse. Because the demand for power continues to increase steadily whereas the expansion of power generation and transmission has been grossly stunted due to inadequate resources, many uncompleted transmission line projects, poor network configuration, overloading of in-service transformers, and incessant vandalism of the 132/33KV Sub-transmission lines in the various regions of the country. The networks are associated with inadequate power dispatch and under-available generation capacity, poor control infrastructure, inadequate or complete absence of reserve.

1.3                   AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS RESEARCH WORK

The aim of this study is to determine the transmission load profile of Akwa Ibom state (Eket) 132/33kv power station thereby improve the performance of the 132KV Sub- transmission lines in the Nigeria power network

The objectives are as follows:

• Using collected data from field survey i.e. from akwa ibom power holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) and Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN)) to evaluate the current status of the transmission lines;
• Utilizing the results of the base-case simulation to improve the overall real and reactive power flow and ensuring there is reduction in power loss on the 132kV Sub-transmission network;
• Possibly integration of active (generator) and passive (capacitor banks) components to further enhance the networks.

1.4                                   SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH WORK

The Nigeria 132/33KV Sub-transmission networks are very large network; therefore, it is regionalized for better identification and service delivery. The scope of this research work is on the record of load measurements and load estimation carried out in Eket for improved performance of service delivery.

1.5                 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS RESEARCH WORK

Significances of this research work are that the study will proffer solutions to effectively reduce real and reactive power losses, optimally inject active and reactive power into the networks with a quest to improve the performance and better service delivery. Again, the evaluation results shall provide useful information for future expansion.