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Assembling Of Battery Charger

Electrical Electronics Engineering | Industrial Physics | Physics

The process of assembling a battery charger involves intricately combining various components to create a functional and efficient device for replenishing electrical energy in rechargeable batteries. This intricate task requires a meticulous approach, encompassing the integration of key elements such as transformers, rectifiers, and voltage regulators. Each component plays a crucial role in ensuring the smooth and controlled flow of electrical current, safeguarding the battery from overcharging or voltage fluctuations. Precision in soldering and connecting wires is paramount to guarantee the seamless operation of the assembled charger. Attention to detail in aligning the positive and negative terminals, as well as incorporating appropriate safety features, is essential for the overall reliability and longevity of the device. Successful assembly hinges on a comprehensive understanding of electrical circuits, soldering techniques, and adherence to specific design specifications, ultimately yielding a proficient battery charger ready to meet diverse power replenishment needs.

This project is on assembling of a solar battery charger. It is designed to meet up with the higher demand of power supply needed to keep our battery charged.

Solar battery charger is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It does this by the use of solar panel which is a form of photoelectric cell which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source and a charge controller which regulate the charging voltage of the battery.

This work is aimed at assembling a solar battery charger system using 150w solar panel, 30A MPPT charge controller and 100AH deep cycle battery

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
  • PROBLEM STATEMENT
  • AIM / OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
  • PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
  • APPLICATIONS OF STUDY
  • SCOPE OF THE STUDY
  • LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
  • RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  • PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      BACKGROUND LITERATURE SURVEY

2.2      HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOLAR CELLS

2.3      THEORY OF SOLAR CELLS

2.4   EFFICIENCIES OF SOLAR PANEL

2.5      BENEFITS OF SOLAR BATTERY CHARGERS

2.6      REVIEW OF SOLAR PANEL

2.7      REVIEW SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY
3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2      BLOCK DESCRIPTION

3.3      REQUIRED TOOLS

3.4      REQUIRED MATERIALS

3.5      SOLAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS

3.6      SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION PROCESS

3.7      INSTALLATION CALCULATION

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1      TESTING OF SOLAR PANELS

4.2      SOLAR PANEL MAINTENANCE

4.3      DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0      CONCLUSION AND RCOMMENDATION

  • CONCLUSION
  • RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Given the current energy crisis and increasing need for sustainable energy, we endeavored to create a cost-effective, small-scale electrical generator which could be used to power consumer electronics. Solar energy has proven its worth as an alternative energy source because it is low-impact and emission-free. It has been implemented with much success for power grids with hundreds of acres of enormous solar concentrators. In the small-scale, solar energy has been harvested through the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels and have been used to power anything from an iPod to a residential home. Although PV systems are considered part of the green energy revolution, materials utilized for its construction (like silicon) are extremely dangerous to the environment and much care must be taken to ensure that they are recycled properly. PV cells also only utilize the energy stored in specific wavelengths of light and therefore have an approximate efficiency between 14-19%. Sunlight, however, produces immense amounts of heat which only serves to heat up the surface of the solar cell. Although there are some PV cells that have reached efficiency levels over 40% (world record is 41.6%), they are enormously complex and expensive. Concentrated solar power (CSP) works differently because it focuses solar energy in its entirety rather than absorb it. Ultimately, our group will be designing and producing a Solar Powered Battery

Solar battery charger is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Solar chargers use solar panels to charge batteries. They are an alternative to conventional electrical battery chargers.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

Conventionally, acid battery or any other type of rechargeable battery is been charged with battery charger which is been powered with mains electricity or with fueled generator but due to inconsistency of power supply and higher cost of fuel in Nigeria a renewable energy sources was invented.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to assemble a battery charging device that will provide constant electricity supply to a 12v rechargeable battery. At the end of this work this device shall be assembled with 150w solar panel, 30a MPPT charge controller and 100ah deep cycle battery.

The objectives of the work are:

  • To increase the level of power supply in our society
  • To develop the technologies and knowledge base needed to reduce the cost of consuming electricity.
  • To enhanced reliability and resiliency.

1.4                                                PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this work is to have a steady and reliable means of charging our batteries.

1.5                                           APPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY

Study can be useful to the student concerned, and also to anyone who wants to be conversant to the usefulness and installation of solar energy.

1.6                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The idea of assembling a solar charger is an excellent one in that it’s meant to allow you an option for charging your battery-powered appliances when you’re in a remote area or just don’t have access to an electrical outlet or car charger.

There are a few on the market today that will do what they say they will do, whereas others are not living up to high expectations

Battery-powered appliances can be a real lifesaver in emergency situations. People have come to depend on this technology greatly over the last few years. Technologies such as inverter, ups, and other devices, have also become quite popular. All of these require fully charged batteries to function at their optimal level. Solar chargers are great for those times you are not close to a power source.

Another benefit of these chargers is that they’re free to use since they use the sun’s energy. The backup battery stores energy even when it’s not actively charging, so you can enjoy more time in between having to charge your battery-powered appliances battery via electric.

1.7                                                      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

There are several advantages you enjoy when you use a solar charger instead of a conventional mains charger. It is energy savings. Unlike conventional energy resources that produce and consume a lot of waste energy from a solar charger draws energy from renewable sources and produces no waste. You can solar charger to use, you can go anywhere, provided you have access to solar energy.

The main advantage behind the invention of these solar powered charges is to save large amount of electrical energy. The solar panels of which will help in converting the solar energy from the sun into electrical energy through various reactions.

Other advantages of solar powered charges reside in the fact that they allow you to access power outside the national grid. You can charge yours phones even while traveling without depending on electricity. This property has made it possible to make use of these cell phone chargers at any possible place.

The last one is that solar powered charges are eco/environment-friendly. They don’t produce harmful waste, and can be used anytime and anywhere that there is daylight.

1.8                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

There are some disadvantages to solar chargers powered by the sun. The most obvious of course is that if it’s a cloudy or overcast day, your solar powered charger isn’t going to be able to garner the energy it needs from the sun in order to function. Usually, it needs direct sun in order to store enough in the battery to work efficiently.

1.9                                              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In the course of carrying this study, numerous sources were used which most of them are by visiting libraries, consulting journal and news papers and online research which Google was the major source that was used.

1.10                                                      PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

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Assembling Of Battery Charger:

Assembling a battery charger can be a rewarding and educational project, whether you’re a hobbyist, a student studying electronics, or someone interested in DIY projects. In this guide, I’ll outline the basic steps and components required to assemble a simple battery charger. Please note that working with electricity can be dangerous, so it’s essential to take appropriate safety precautions and consult with someone knowledgeable if you’re unsure about any step.

Components Needed:

  1. Transformer: This converts high-voltage AC power from the mains into a lower-voltage AC output suitable for charging batteries. Choose a transformer with a secondary output voltage appropriate for your battery type and charging requirements.
  2. Rectifier Diodes: These convert the AC output of the transformer into DC (Direct Current) suitable for charging batteries. You’ll typically need four diodes to build a full-wave rectifier circuit.
  3. Filter Capacitor: This smooths out the DC output from the rectifier, reducing ripple and ensuring a more stable voltage for charging the battery.
  4. Voltage Regulator (Optional): If you want to regulate the charging voltage to a specific level, you can use a voltage regulator IC such as LM317. This is particularly useful for charging sensitive batteries that require precise voltage control.
  5. Resistors and Potentiometers (Optional): These components can be used to adjust the charging current and voltage settings, providing flexibility in the charging process.
  6. Indicator LEDs: LEDs can be used to indicate the charging status, such as power on, charging, and fully charged.
  7. Binding Posts or Clips: These are used to connect the battery to the charger securely.
  8. Circuit Board or Breadboard: You’ll need a platform to assemble and connect all the components. A printed circuit board (PCB) or a breadboard can be used for this purpose.
  9. Enclosure (Optional): If you want to protect the circuit and make the charger more portable, you can enclose it in a suitable casing.

Steps for Assembling:

  1. Design the Circuit: Decide on the charging voltage and current requirements based on the battery you intend to charge. Design a circuit schematic incorporating the transformer, rectifier, filter capacitor, voltage regulator (if needed), and other components as per your design specifications.
  2. Select Components: Gather all the necessary components based on your circuit design. Ensure that the transformer’s voltage rating matches your requirements and that the diodes, capacitor, and other components can handle the expected current and voltage.
  3. Assemble the Circuit: Place the components on the circuit board or breadboard according to your circuit schematic. Pay close attention to the polarity of diodes, capacitors, and LEDs, as incorrect orientation can damage the components or affect the charger’s performance.
  4. Connect the Transformer: Wire the primary side of the transformer to the mains power source, adhering to safety guidelines for electrical connections. Connect the secondary side of the transformer to the rectifier circuit.
  5. Add Voltage Regulation (if required): If you’re using a voltage regulator IC to control the charging voltage, connect it to the circuit and adjust the output voltage to the desired level using resistors or potentiometers.
  6. Include Current Limiting (Optional): To prevent overcharging and protect the battery, you can incorporate a current-limiting circuit using resistors or dedicated ICs like LM317.
  7. Test the Circuit: Before connecting a battery, test the charger’s output voltage and current using a multimeter to ensure that it meets your specifications and is functioning correctly.
  8. Connect the Battery: Once you’re satisfied with the charger’s performance, connect the battery to the charger using appropriate cables and connectors. Make sure to observe the correct polarity to avoid damaging the battery.
  9. Monitor the Charging Process: Observe the charging process and monitor the battery’s voltage and current periodically to ensure that it’s charging safely and within the desired parameters. You can use indicator LEDs to indicate the charging status.
  10. Enclose the Circuit (Optional): If desired, enclose the circuit in a suitable casing to protect it from dust, moisture, and physical damage. Ensure that the enclosure provides adequate ventilation to prevent overheating.
  11. Safety Precautions: Always observe safety precautions when working with electricity, such as wearing insulated gloves, avoiding contact with live circuits, and disconnecting the charger from the mains when not in use.

Safety Tips:

  • Never work on the circuit with power connected.
  • Use insulated tools when handling live circuits.
  • Double-check all connections and component polarities before powering on the charger.
  • Avoid short circuits and ensure proper insulation of wires and components.
  • Monitor the charger during the initial charging cycles to ensure that it’s functioning correctly and not overheating.

By following these steps and safety guidelines, you can successfully assemble a basic battery charger tailored to your specific requirements. Experiment with different circuit configurations and components to optimize performance and expand your understanding of electronics