Comparative Analysis Of Bitter Kola, Moringa Oleifera Seed, And Wonderful Kola Used For Waste Water Treatment

This work presented a comparative study of the effectiveness of natural coagulant (kola, moringa oleifera seed, and wonderful kola) extracts as primary coagulants for sullage from homes and cafeteria at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Stock solutions of these coagulants were prepared, and jar test of their varying mixing ratios used to obtain optimum dosages of 200, 30 and 1,000 mg/l for Bitter kola, moringa oleifera seed, and wonderful kola respectively. The effects of these optimum dosages were tested against turbidity, pH, BOD, nutrients, hardness and coli form. All tested parameters were significantly sensitive to concentrations of used stock solutions. 100% Moringa seed extract resulted in all the treated parameters (except turbidity) being within tolerable limits. The combination of Bitter kola, moringa oleifera seed, and wonderful kola stock solutions at 50% each (A50M50) showed the overall best result with the resultant water fit for drinking. The result of the comparative test showed that natural coagulants successfully replaced natural coagulants.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWELDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

1.2     PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.3     AIM OF THE STUDY

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.5      PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1.6      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1.5     PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   AN OVERVIEW OF MORINGA OLEIFERA

2.2   OVERVIEW OF BITTER KOLA

2.3     OVERVIEW OF WONDERFUL KOLA

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.2     AREA OF STUDY

3.3   EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES SOURCE

3.4     DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

3.5     SAMPLE COLLECTION, PREPARATION AND SET-UP

3.6     SULLAGE CHARACTERIZATION

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.2     TURBIDITY

4.3     PH

4.4   BOD₅

_4.5     NUTRIENT ANALYSIS

4.6 HARDNESS ANALYSIS

4.7   MICROBIAL ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1   REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                          INTRODUCTION

1.1                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Water occupies about 70% of the earth’s space with only 0.4% available for use (Himesh, Rao, & Mahajan, 2000). The available minute fraction is threatened by over exploitation, poor management and ecological degradation (Jodi, Birnin-Yauri, Yahaya, & Sokoto, 2012). Growing human activities not only have increased demand for potable water, but have also increased the generation of wastewater (UN Report, 2013).

Clean water is very essential to human existence, and the unavailability of potable water is the predominant reason for most deaths and diseases. The quality of water according to CDC (2015) is a health concern; water-related and waterborne diseases are responsible for about 80% of diseases in the world. These qualities include but not limited to colour, odour, coli form count, turbidity, nutrients (Renuka, Binayke, & Jadhav, 2013). Poor sanitation and unsafe water cause 88% of the 4 billion annual cases of diarrhea, resulting in the death of about 1.8 million people per annum. Safe water and hygienic environment can reduce about 94% death cases (World Health Organization, 2007). It is however important to subject water from every source to varying forms of treatment or purification before consumption, or discharge in the case of wastewater. These forms of purification are aimed at making water potable and attractive. The level of threat water poses determines the choice of treatment to be employed (Ali, Muyibi, Salleh, Salleh, & Alam, 2009).

Turbidity and biological contaminations are major reasons for treating surface water, sullage and other wastewater types (McConnachie, Folkard, Mtawali, & Sutherland, 1999). Before distribution for consumption, raw water is subjected to the following conventional procedures: screening, plain sedimentation, coagulation-flocculation followed by sedimentation, filtration and disinfection (Ndabigengesere & Narasiah, 1998a). In these processes, coagulants play very vital role in the reduction of water turbidity and removal of other contaminants. Coagulants are divided into artificial and natural coagulants. Natural coagulants include extracts of microorganisms, animal or plant origin (Ganjidoust, Tatsumi, Yamagishi, & Gholian, 1997; Kawamura, 1991; Lee, Lee, Jang, & Lee, 1995). Examples include Narmali seeds, Moringa seeds, Okra, Cassava, Dutchus lablab, broad beans, flava beans, watermelon, etc. Artificial coagulants, on the other hand, include aluminium sulphate (alum), aluminium chloride and sodium aluminate, ferric sulphate, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride and ferric chloride sulphate. Others include hydrated lime and magnesium carbonate (Muyibi, Noor, Ong, & Kai, 2001).

Alum (aluminium sulphate), has been the most popular for treatment of water and widely used in treatment plants. It has been found to pose some health, economic and environmental problems upon usage, among which are neurological diseases such as percentile dementia and induction of Alzheimer’s disease (Martyn et al., 1989). Sludge produced is also voluminous and non-biodegradable after treatment, leading to increase in cost of treatment. The high cost of chemical importations results in loss of foreign exchange to nations. The effect of most chemical coagulants like Aluminum on the pH of the treated water, attracts extra cost on lime which should be added to buffer its effect (Muyibi, 2005).

Although the use of plant materials as natural coagulants in the reduction of turbidity in wastewaters, dates to ancient times, there seems to be renewed interest in applying natural coagulants for water treatment in emerging economies (Ndabigengesere & Narasiah, 1998b; Nilanjana, 2005). Coagulants from natural sources are often seen to be safe for human health (Nilanjana, 2005). Some natural coagulants have been studied, and are known to have the following advantages: the sludge produced is usually biodegradable, it is virtually toxin-free, relatively cheap to obtain, and locally available (Victoria, 2010).

Moringa olifera and Cassava are also abundant in the tropics and found to be good coagulants (Adamu, Adie, & Alka, 2014; Prasad & Rao, 2013; Renuka et al., 2013). The residual elements present in these natural coagulants are within the WHO limits for water treatment; and the sludge from the treatment process is biodegradable (Adamu et al., 2014). Figure 1 shows the coagulants of interest in this research. Some of these coagulants have been found to have high coagulation activity only for high turbid water, while others are effective in low turbid water (Muyibi & Evison, 1995).

Though there had been many studies on Moringa oleifera and Manihot palmate separately in comparison to alum as coagulants for domestic wastewater treatment (Adamu et al., 2014; Renuka & Karunyal, 2017), there is no study on the combined effects of Moringa seed and cassava extracts when compared with alum on sullage treatment. Large amount of sullage is generated from homes and restaurants in most Nigerian cities and other developing climes. There is also an abundance of Cassava and Moringa in the Tropics. This necessitates the need to explore the potentials of combining Cassava and Moringa extracts as substitute for alum. The objective of this study was to meet the increasing demands for potable water by replacing wholly or partly/singularly or in combination the artificial coagulant (alum) with natural coagulants (M. oleifera and M. palmate) at varying doses and ratios in treating sullage generated in homes and cafeterias. In a nutshell, utilizing the efficacies of Moringa seed and cassava (M. palmate) extracts relative to that of alum in treating sullage was studied.

1.2                                   PROBLEM STATEMENT

The amount of wastewater generated daily in kitchens (homes or restaurants) is enormous amidst acute shortage of potable water in most African countries. The short supply of drinkable water compels people to reuse wastewater without any form of treatment, exposing them to water-related or water-borne diseases. However, the indispensability of water to man’s existence on earth necessitates the need for proper treatment. Settling of impurities in water is an important stage of water/wastewater treatment which requires addition of coagulants (artificial or natural). Alum (artificial coagulant) is mostly used in settling water impurities, but it has health concerns when used for long. Common coagulants such as aluminum sulfate is usually expensive and affect human health. Many studies have been reported about the relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and redundant aluminum (Grabow et al. 1985; Ndabigengesere & Narasiah 1998). As recommended by the World Health Organization (Galal-Gorchev et al. 1998), the amount of aluminum in drinking water should not exceed 0.2 mg/L, whereas the level of aluminum in standard drinking water in Vietnam is 2 mg/L (QCVN 01:2009/BYT). Moreover, using chemical coagulants leads to a change of pH (alkaline in water after treatment), to the formation of non-biodegradable sludge and to the incomplete removal of toxic compounds in the water (Ndabigengesere & Narasiah 1998; Valverde et al. 2014). Another disadvantage is the high water-treatment cost for poor and developing countries making provision of a clean water supply and water treatment difficult. Natural coagulants (from plants or animal) includes bitter kola, moringa oleifera seed, and wonderful kola, etc. In this work, we replaced artificial coagulants(alum) with more health friendly natural coagulants (bitter kola, moringa oleifera seed, and wonderful kola extracts) in other to encourage cheap and safe treatment/reuse of wastewater.

1.3                                       AIM OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this work is to analyze the use of natural coagulant in waste water treatment based on their turbidity, pH, BOD, nutrients, hardness and coli form.

1.4                                              OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study were: (1) to analyse the influence of extracted forms Moringa oleifera, bitter kola and wonderful kola as a coagulant, and to characterize the Moringa oleifera, bitter kola and wonderful kola extract powder by its chemical constituents; (2) to compare the effect on turbidity, COD and E. coli removal in lake water and municipal wastewater between the Moringa oleifera, bitter kola and wonderful kola (3) to suggest the optimum dosage of coagulants for treatment of water.

1.5                                  PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this work is to replace Alum which is an artificial coagulant with natural coagulant such as bitter kola, moringa oleifera seed, and wonderful kola extracts.

1.6                             SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The use of bio-coagulant based on plants such as Moringa oleifera, bitter kola and wonderful kola seeds would assist sustainable, economic environmental practices by presenting great benefits such as biodegradability, low index of residual sludge formation and non-toxicity, and a non-corrosive nature, and harnessing them for water and wastewater treatment would help reduce chemical dependency.

1.7                                                         PROJECT ORGANISATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0                                                    LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1                                 AN OVERVIEW OF MORINGA OLEIFERA

Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family Moringaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent. Common names include moringa, drumstick tree (from the long, slender, triangular seed-pods), horseradish tree (from the taste of the roots, which resembles horseradish), and ben oil tree or benzolive tree.