Construction Of 100Kva Automatic And Manual Photocell System For Street Light Control

ABSTRACT

This work is on a 100kva automatic and manual photocell system for street light control system which is street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. It has the capacity of turning ON during the dark hours and OFF automatically during daylight which can also be control manually using switch.

An automatic and manual photocell system for street light control will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. This system employed the output from an uncomplicated light/dark activated circuit and obliges a relay in its output which can be further attached to switch ON/OFF a street light and electrical application in a household also.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.2      AIM OF THE PROJECT

1.3      OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.4      PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

1.5      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

1.6      ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

1.7     APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.8     SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

1.9    LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.10   PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF LIGHTENING

2.2      REVIEW AND DESCRIPTION OF LED STREET LIGHT

2.3      ADVANTAGES OF LED STREET LIGHTS

2.4      DISADVANTAGES OF LED STREETLIGHTS

2.5      TYPES OF LAMPS USED FOR STREET LIGHTING

2.6    OVERVIEW OF A PHOTOCELL

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONSTRUCTION

3.1      SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.2     SYSTEM OPERATION

3.3      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.4      SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.5      CIRCUIT OPERATION

3.6      IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED IN THIS CIRCUIT

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

4.0      TESTING AND RESULT

4.1      TESTING

4.1.1 PRE-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

4.1.2  POST-IMPLEMENTATION TESTING

4.3      RESULT

4.4      COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1      CONCLUSION

5.2      RECOMMENDATION

5.3      REFERENCES

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                                                              BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic timers previously used for  street light ON-OFF operation. They come with energy conservation options like twilight saving, staggering or  dimming. Also many street light controllers come with an astronomical clock for a  particular location or a Global Positioning System (GPS) connection to give the best ON-OFF time and energy saving.

Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch to switch ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this system manual works are removed. It automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes

By using this system energy consumption is also reduced because now-a-days the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset. In sunny and rainy days, ON time and OFF time differ significantly which is one of the major disadvantage of using timer circuits or manual.

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically operated switch.

A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard  is a raised source of  light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive  photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark  weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on poles which have wires strung between them, or mounted on utility poles.

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation region and cut-off region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically operated switch

Automatic Streetlight needs no manual operation of switching ON and OFF unless in a situation where the automatic system or features stops working. The system itself detects whether there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

In sunny and rainy days, ON and OFF time of manual street light differ noticeably which is one of the major disadvantage of using manual operation for switching the street light system most cases when the operator is not around or afraid of going under the sun or in the rain and also the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset. By using automatic system for street light controlling, we solve these problems thereby reducing energy consumption.

1.3                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

The main aim of this work is to automatically switches ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes. The manual part of this work comes in place when the automatic circuit fails.

1.4                                            OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

At the end of this work, student involved shall be able to:

1. Build this device
2. The automation and manual operation of the system shall be observed.

1.5                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to:

1. Reduce energy consumption
2. To reduce human labour
3. To reduce the cost of employing operators
4. To keep the right ON and OFF time.

1.6                                               SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Major significance of street lighting includes: prevention of accidents and increase in safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.

Street lighting at roads is for lighting up your road – for beautification, safety and security.

By using this Automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes and also not switched on earlier before sunset.

The manual part of this work is used in case of the system failure in the automatic circuit the user can switch over to manual till when the problem is rectified.

1.7                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

There are four distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Misuse of the different types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.

1. Beacon lights
2. Roadway lights

• Street light control systems

1. Image-based street light control
2. Military use

1.8                                          ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

By using this automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption because the manually operated street lights are not switch off properly even the sun light comes and Also not switched on earlier before sunset

1. Low cost
2. Automated operation
3. Low power consumption
4. Very flexible

1.9                                 PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Easy to manufactured in sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is one of the major disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for switching the street light system.

1.10                                               SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The idea behind the design of this system is to make available the require illumination in our roads for nighttime events, security, and beautification. This goes a long way in helping to curb the problem frequently encountered as a result of darkness during nighttime such as thieves, arm robbers operations or wide animals approaching our homes during night hours.

A street lighting is any electrical lighting that is fixed outside house for the illumination of such environment or a Street light is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night.

Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit.  It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. This system employed the output from an uncomplicated light/dark activated circuit and oblige a relay in its output which can be further attached to switch ON/OFF a street light and electrical application in a household also.

1.11                                                      PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied,  chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.