Construction Of Flow Nozzle
A flow nozzle, an integral component in fluid dynamics, serves as a specialized device for measuring the flow rate of fluids within a conduit. This instrument is designed with a converging inlet section followed by a cylindrical throat and a diverging outlet section. The convergence and divergence in the nozzle’s structure create a pressure difference, allowing for precise flow rate calculations. The construction of a flow nozzle involves meticulous engineering to ensure optimal performance and accurate measurements. Key elements in its design include the nozzle’s throat diameter, shape, and material composition. Engineers consider factors such as fluid properties, temperature, and pressure when selecting appropriate materials to enhance durability and minimize potential inaccuracies. The streamlined construction of a flow nozzle facilitates its application in various industries, including manufacturing and process control, where precise fluid flow measurements are essential for operational efficiency and quality assurance.
The project title “fabrication of flow nozzle” was done by a selected group of ND II Chemical Engineering Students and the practiced objective (aim) of the project was centered on constructing a nozzle that is capable of transporting fluid from one to the other, to determine the charge in velocity of the moving fluid across two given areas of the nozzle and to be able to measure the quantity of fluid that will flow through the nozzle for a given period of time.
However, the construction of the nozzle was done with materials obtainable locally and the science of operation carried out in constructing the nozzle was; cleaning, marking out, cutting off, drilling, folding, centre punching, assembling, welding, filling, testing and painting.
The flow nozzle was constructed based on the following specifications and dimensions;
Throat Diameter 60mm
The diameter of the duct pipe 140mm
The length of the up stream pipe 200mm
The thickness of the nozzle 3.8mm
The length of the down stream pipe 200mm
The height of the nozzle 820mm
The length of the nozzle 690mm
The size of the pressure valves ½ inch
Furthermore, the selection of materials for the construction of this flow nozzle was based on the factors which includes; ductility, malleability, fabricability, mechanical strength and stability, availability, corrosion resistance and lastly cost factor.
Finally, the constructed flow nozzle and all other expenses cost N8,000.
Title page
Approval page
Letter of transmittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table of contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Definition of flow nozzle
1.2 History of metering devices
1.3 The scope of the project
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 Theory of flow nozzle
2.2 The characteristics of the nozzle
2.3 Types of flow nozzle
2.4 Advantages of flow nozzle
2.5 Disadvantages of flow nozzle
2.6 The uses of flow nozzle
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 The method of construction
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 The Method Of Construction
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion
5.1 Costing analysis
CHAPTER SIX
5.0 Conclusion
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 Recommendation
References
Nomenclature
Appendices
INTRODUCTION
A nozzle is defined as a device in which the kinetic energy of a fluid is measured in an adiabatic process. A nozzle can also be referred to as a duct of smoothly, varying cross – sectional area in which a steadily flowing fluids can be made to accelerate by a pressure drop along the required duct. There are many applications in practice which require a high velocity steam of fluids and the nozzle is the best means of obtaining this. for example, nozzles are used in steam and gas turbines, in jet engines, in rocket motors, in flow measurement, and in many other applications. There are various type of nozzles namely; the convergent nozzle, the divergent nozzle, and the sizes of these nozzles affect the fluid flow either in one way or other (i.e increasing or decreasing the flow rates).
1.2 HISTORICALLY
In some years past, the measurement of the amount of fluids which flows through pipes was very difficult, simply because, there was past, it was discovered that most of our industrial process or operations require fluid and the quantity of these fluids needed to be known for effective operations and to minimize issues. This stimulated the scientists to go into a research work, which led to the discovery of these metering devices or instrument. Lenodo de vin was the first scientist to discover ‘orifiice meter” in the year 1452 – 1519, during his study of hydraulics of water flow in channels and he decided to use the orifice meter in his research. He also observed that the meter was good for the study of fluid. He also noticed that the introduction of an orifice meter into a pipeline is necessary as this causes a change in the kinetic of the fluid.
Furthermore, still in the field of hydraulic experiment, a scientist called “VENTURI” after 7000 AD discovered a venturi meter. Also, before the beginning of the 20th century, a scientist called “HAREHEL DEUTSHER” discovered the flow nozzle in their various studies of hydraulics.
However, flow meters used for measurement has become a device with the advent of the industrial age because of the need for controlled flow process, accounting methods and more efficiently in operation and also because of the realization that controls flow rate is simple and convenient method to other process variable such as temperature and pressure.
But in this project write up, more emphases will be placed on the working principles of the flow nozzle, the advantage and disadvantage and finally it uses.
1.3 OBJECTIVE/SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this project is centered on constructing a flow nozzle, that is capable of transporting fluid (liquid) from one end to the other at a specified pressure, creating pressure differential in the moving fluid and to be able to measure the quantity of fluid that will flow through the nozzle for a given period of time.
The dimensions and specifications of the constructed flow nozzle are as follows:
Throat Diameter 60mm
The diameter of the duct pipe 140mm
The length of the up stream pipe 200mm
The thickness of the nozzle 3.8mm
The length of the down stream pipe 200mm
The height of the nozzle 820mm
The length of the nozzle 690mm
The size of the pressure valves ½ inch
The construction of the flow nozzle was carried out with materials obtained locally and the specifications recommended by the international standard organization (I.S.I) were strictly adhered to, during construction. The constructed flow nozzle should be inserted to a straight pipeline at least 850mm long to eliminate any eddies or other disturbances and substantially steady flow through the nozzle.
Construction Of Flow Nozzle:
A flow nozzle is a type of differential pressure flow meter used to measure the flow rate of fluids, such as gases or liquids, in a pipeline. It operates based on the principle that when a fluid flows through a constricted section in a pipe (the flow nozzle), the velocity of the fluid increases, and the pressure decreases. This pressure difference, known as the differential pressure, is proportional to the flow rate of the fluid. Here’s how a flow nozzle is constructed and works:
Construction of a Flow Nozzle:
Nozzle Body: The main component of a flow nozzle is the nozzle body itself. It is typically made of a corrosion-resistant material like stainless steel or carbon steel to withstand the harsh conditions of the process fluid.
Throat Section: The flow nozzle has a constricted throat section that is specifically designed to accelerate the flow of the fluid. This narrowing of the pipe causes an increase in the fluid’s velocity, resulting in a decrease in pressure.
Inlet and Outlet Sections: Before and after the throat section, there are inlet and outlet sections that help guide the fluid into and out of the nozzle. These sections are designed to minimize disturbances in the fluid flow, ensuring accurate measurements.
Pressure Taps: Pressure taps are ports or connections located at specific points on the flow nozzle. These taps are used to connect pressure measurement devices, such as pressure transmitters or manometers, to measure the pressure drop across the nozzle. There are typically two pressure taps: one upstream (P1) and one downstream (P2) of the nozzle.
How Flow Nozzle Works:
Fluid Flow: When a fluid flows through the flow nozzle, it enters the inlet section and passes through the constricted throat. As it passes through the throat, its velocity increases, and the pressure drops.
Pressure Measurement: Pressure taps located upstream and downstream of the nozzle allow for the measurement of the pressure differential (ΔP) created by the fluid flow. The pressure at the upstream tap (P1) is higher than the pressure at the downstream tap (P2) due to the velocity increase in the throat section.
Calculation of Flow Rate: The flow rate of the fluid can be calculated using the following equation:
Q = K * √(ΔP)
Where:
Q is the flow rate.
K is a discharge coefficient that accounts for the specific design and calibration of the flow nozzle.
ΔP is the measured pressure differential (P1 – P2).
Flow nozzles are widely used in industrial applications where accurate measurement of fluid flow rates is crucial. Their construction and design must be carefully engineered to ensure reliable and precise flow rate measurements. Calibration is also essential to determine the discharge coefficient (K) for each specific flow nozzle installation.