Design And Construction A 220V Automatic Voltage Stabilizer

This project is titled the design and construction of a 220V Automatic Voltage Stabilizer. A voltage stabilizer is an electrical appliance used to feed constant voltage current to electrical gadgets like ACs and computers, and protects them from damage due to voltage fluctuations. It works on the principle of a transformer, where the input current is connected to primary windings and output is received from secondary windings. When there is a drop in incoming voltage, it activates electromagnetic relays which add to more number of turns in the secondary winding, thus giving higher voltage which compensates for loss in output voltage. When there is rise in the incoming voltage, the reverse happens, and, thus, the voltage at the output side remains almost unchanged.

This project was designed to stabilize an AC input voltage of 160-250V to give an AC output voltage of 220V at 50Hz automatically. The automatic feature can be achieved by the electronics devices used such voltage comparator IC, electro-magnetic device (relay), auto- transformer and other electronics devices.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page

Title Page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      Introduction

1.1      Background of the project

1.2      problem statement

1.3      Aim/objective of the project

1.4      Significance of the project

1.5      Scope of the project

1.6      Limitation of the project

1.7      application of the project

1.8      benefit of the project

1.9      project organisation

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      Literature Review

• Historical background of the project
• Stages in the development of voltage stabilizer
• Stabilizer grading
• Types of stabilizer

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      construction methodology

• Block diagram
• Circuit diagram
• Circuit description
• System operation
• Description of major components used
• Cost analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      Result analysis

• Construction procedure
• Casing and packaging
• Assembling section
• System testing
• Design precaution

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1      Discussion

• Conclusion
• Recommendation
• References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                     INTRODUCTION

1.1                                       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Automatic AC voltage stabilizer is a wonderful invention of science, which is an electric device designed to regulate a constant voltage in a settable level. The main working of a stabilizer depends upon the laws of electromechanical physics. It is consist of many active and passive electrical components like adopters, capacitors, diodes and thermostats.

There are many functions of an automatic voltage regulator. AVR or automatic voltage stabilizer can be used with lot of electric appliances for various reasons. The basic functions of the automatic voltage regulators are:

First and foremost, it is used as a rectifier and as a potential divider. Rectifier is also an electric device used to convert the alternate current (A.C) to direct current (D.C) for further electric processing. Most of the electric appliances require a direct current for their working and can’t work on alternate current. Regarding potential dividers, they are electric devices used for the break out of input voltage to bring it to a desired output voltage as per the requirements. Thus while using an automatic voltage regulator we can make use of a rectifier and a potential divider at the same time. Means you can save money because you will have to buy a single automatic voltage regulator instead of purchasing a potential divider and a rectifier for your electric appliances.

There are many appliances in our homes which need stable electric power for their running and there might be some damage to the whole electric appliance if there comes any variation in the input current and voltage. Sometimes this may be fatal also but electricity is a very merciless killer. To avoid any mishap to the electric appliances and to us also, which may arise due to any variation in the voltage or current supply, a voltage stabilizer is essential to be used a complement to other electric devices.

AC Automatic voltage stabilizer  can also be used in amplifiers. Amplifiers are other electric devices that compare the sensing voltages to the reference voltages and help to amplify the effect. You might have seen amplifiers attached to your home sound systems which boost up the sound effects. The actual sound quantity will be lower but if the same input is given to an amplifier, the resultant sound quality and quantity just increases to multiples of the input waves. The basic running procedure in them is the difference of provided voltages. AC Automatic voltage regulators help in maintaining a desired voltage for the generators within specified limits. Thus automatic voltage regulator is also the important part for our amplifier to work.

The previous analog/servo-types of automatic voltage stabilizers are now replaced by digital stabilizer. These types of automatic voltage regulators are higher in functionality and performance. They are equipped with self functioning controls and start up functions which make them very useful and easy to handle. Digital converters increase their precision levels. Simplified operating switches make them very precise than human handlings. If any fault occurs in the functioning of the automatic voltage regulators, self diagnostics technique detects the fault in no time. This leads to more security of the function. The maintenance tool helps in maintaining an online monitor. Reduced number of parts and wiring in these typically modern automatic voltage regulators make them more reliable. Automatic changes are easily dealt with the help of full duplex control systems.

The NeoPower voltage stabilizers have different sizes. There are automatic voltage stabilizers which are so small that they can be easily placed on a small printed circuit board. They are portable and easy to handle. Some automatic voltage stabilizers are very gigantic in size. They may cover a volume of a small house sometimes. Thus there is a tremendous variety in the automatic voltage stabilizers and each has its own specifications. The variation of stabilizer can be judged by the names of automatic voltage stabilizers. Each name indicates its specific functioning and differences from others and there are more than fifty names to an automatic voltage stabilizers. Regarding the prices of automatic voltage stabilizers, it goes the natural way. If you will buy a smarter one, it will cost you more and you will buy an older model with normal functioning, it will cost you less. But keep in mind that whether an AC automatic voltage regulator costs less or high, it becomes irrelevant when it comes to the importance of a stabilizer in our daily lives.

1.2                                              PROBLEM STATEMENT

The rate at which our appliances get burnt is higher most especially appliances without transformer such as our cell phone chargers and lanterns. And this problem is usually caused by either over voltage or under voltage. Due to this problems, a voltage regulator was designed which regulates under and over voltages to normal 220vac. An automatic voltage regulator regulates the AC voltage and keeps from lower or higher to normal. It protects any electronic device connected to it from getting damaged.

1.2                                          OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is:

• Provide a solution to under voltage and over situation faced by residents of high density areas of Nigeria by designing and constructing an effective and comparatively cheaper voltage stabilizer which will have a cost price of less than total cost obtained which could be afforded by most low income earners. This is cheaper than the ready made o factory assembled voltage stabilizer of the same rating which goes for between.
• To regulate the voltage of there is any over voltage or under voltage an regulate the voltage that will suit the purpose the analysis design, construction and cost comparison have been done and necessary tests have been satisfactory out.

1.3                                        SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As a student of electrical and electronic engineering, working on this project have expose my knowledge to function and working principle of many electrics components such as voltage comparator, transistor, and mainly to auto-transformer.

It has made me to understand the working principle and application of stabilizer both in homes and industries.

1.4                                         THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The design and construction of an Automatic Voltage stabilizer is the project we are constructing.  We are working on this machine because we have some idea on how this machine can be constructed and also on how it works.  We are also doing this because we want to learn more about it.

As we have mentioned earlier, this device is a protective device that protects our electrical and electronic appliances out of current and voltage fluctuation. This is how it works.  When this system is plugged into the socket or supply, it will receive a minimum voltage of 100v and filter the current and voltage thereby brings out suitable voltage output to be used by the devices in it.

So, we are building or constructing this device to reduce risk and damages the fluctuation of current / voltage caused by power fluctuations.

1.5                                        LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

The system design shall be capable of operating at an input frequency range of -15% to +10% of nominal, without clearing protective devices or causing component failure within the AVS. When generator or utility power is restored, the AVR shall automatically restart. Upon turn on or restart, the output of the AVR shall not exceed the specified output regulation limits.

If the input voltage or frequency exceeds programmable minimum or maximum set points for a programmable time period (factory set for 10 seconds), the AVR shall electronically shut off. When electrical parameters are back within acceptable limits for a programmable time period (factory set for 60 seconds), the AVR shall automatically restart to provide conditioned power to the load. If the input parameters are within acceptable limits, but the output voltage is outside of acceptable programmed limits, the AVR shall electronically shut off and require a manual restart.

The AVS shall be capable of operating at 100% rated load capacity continuously, 200% rated load for 10 seconds, 500% rated load for 1 second and 1000% rated load for 1 cycle. Operating efficiency shall be a minimum of 96%, typical at full load.

Transformer winding shall be continuous copper with electrostatic tripled shielding and K-13 rated for the purpose of handling harmonic currents.

Response Time: The AVS shall respond to any line voltage variation in 1/2 cycle while operating linear or non-linear loads, with a load power factor of 0.60 of unity. Peak detection of the voltage sine wave shall not be permitted to avoid inaccurate tap switching due to input voltage distortion.

Operating Frequency: The AVS shall be capable of operating at +10% to -15% of the nominal frequency, 50Hz or 60Hz.

Access Requirements: The AVS shall have removable panels on the front, rear and sides as required for ease of maintenance and/or repair.

Metering: An input meter is provided to display line voltages

Ventilation: The AVS isolation transformer shall be designed for convection cooling. If fan cooling is required for the solid state electronic switching devices.

1.6                        APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Voltage Stabilizer provide safe output to guard varieties of equipments including:

1. ultra modernized music systems,
2. medical equipments LCD,

• Home Theater,

1. industrial machines and more.

They are designed with special features to protect equipments which include line noise spike protection, primary switching technology, auto reset, and overload cutoff protection..

1.7                             BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT

Automatic Voltage stabilizer is electromechanical constituents that control the regular voltage outputs. During peak consumption of electricity, the sudden flow of power can damage electric or electronic machines. On the other hand, if there is low output of voltage, a machine may fail to function.

In order to preserve the life of machines, this device is recommendable in any operation. They assure that machines are working well all the time especially in peak timings. Basically, this equipment is used to control the input voltage fluctuations and at the same time, to maintain an output voltage of +/-0.5% accuracy.

1.7                          PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective, benefit, application, limitation and problem of the study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.