Design And Construction Of A 5KVA Hybrid Power Inverter

ABSTRACT

Inverters are widely used in the domestic as well as industrial environments to serve as second line of source in case of power cut from the electricity utility grids. However, due to low capacity of the battery the inverter dies out with the use of heavy load appliances. This project is designed in such a way that it overcomes this limitation by the use of solar energy. Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging System consists of an inverter powered by a 12V Battery. This inverter generates up to 230V AC with the help of driver circuitry and a heavy load transformer. This battery gets charged from two sources, first being the mains power supply itself. If the mains power supply is available, the relay switches to the connection using mains power supply to supply to the load. This power supply also charges the battery for using it as back up the next time there is power outage. The use of solar panel to charge the battery gives an additional advantage of surplus power in case the power outage of mains is prolonging. Thus this inverter can last for longer duration’s and provide uninterrupted power supply to the user.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM OF THE PROJECT
• OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION AND PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
• BENEFITS OF HYBRID INVERTERS
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

• INTRODUCTION
• OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
• OPERATIONAL REVIEW OF THE PROJECT
• TYPES OF HYBRID INVERTER
• HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF PHOTOVOTAIC CELL
• THEORETICAL REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL
• REVIEW OF SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY
• REVIEW OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      METHODOLOGY

• BASIC DESIGNS OF A HYBRID INVERTER
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• SYSTEM CIRCUIT USING IC 4093
• CIRCUIT OPERATION
• METHOD

3.5.1  INVERTER

3.5.2  POWER SUPPLY UNIT STAGE

3.5.3  OSCILLATING STAGE

3.5.4  POWER MOSFET STAGE

3.5.5  TRANSFORMER STAGE

3.5.6  CHANGE OVER STAGE

3.5.7  BATTERY STAGE

3.5.8  DEEP CYCLE BATTERY (DCB)

3.5.9  PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL (PVC)

3.6.0  SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER

3.7      DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0      RESULT ANALYSIS

• CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
• CASING AND PACKAGING
• ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
• TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
• BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUATION
• SAFETY OF A SOLAR INVERTER

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

1.1                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Electricity is the principal force that powers modern society. It lights buildings and streets, runs computers and telephones, drives trains and subways and operates all variety of motors and machines (“Powering a Generation”, 2014).

It is important to recognize that electricity is not mined or harvested, it must be manufactured. Since it is not easily stored in quantity, it must be manufactured at the time of demand. Electricity is a form of energy, but not an energy source. Different generating plants harness different energy sources to make electrical power. Some of these sources are thermal plants, kinetic plants, geothermal power and solar photovoltaic (“Generating Electricity”, n.d.).

Since, the demand for electricity in this area of the world is alarming, there is the need for the production or generation of constant electricity, due to the epileptic condition of electricity in the country. This gives rise to the design and construction of a 5KVA hybrid inverter.

A hybrid inverter, otherwise known as a hybrid grid-tied inverter or a battery-based inverter, combines two separate components–a solar inverter and a battery inverter–into a single piece of equipment.

An inverter is a critical component of any solar energy system: you need it to convert the direct current (DC) electricity generated by your solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity for your home’s appliances.

However, when you pair your solar panel system with a hybrid inverter, a separate battery inverter isn’t necessary: it can function as both an inverter for electricity from solar panels and a solar battery.

Hybrid solar systems generate power in the same way as a common grid-tie solar system but use special hybrid inverters and batteries to store energy for later use. This ability to store energy enables most hybrid systems to also operate as a backup power supply during a blackout, similar to a UPS system.

Traditionally the term hybrid referred to two generation sources such as wind and solar but in the solar world the term ‘hybrid’ refers to a combination of solar and energy storage which is also connected to the electricity grid.

A solar hybrid inverter’s main job is to convert DC power generated from the array into usable AC power. Hybrid inverters go a step further and work with batteries to store excess power as well. This type of system solves issues renewable energy variability and unreliable grid structures.

Hybrid inverters are commonly used in the developing world, but they are starting to make their way into daily use in certain areas of the U.S and some part of Africa due to their ability to stabilize energy availability. Hybrid inverters work with batteries to store power which is the aim of this project.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT

As a result of continuous power failure and fluctuation in power supply by Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), sensitive appliances and system are affected by interruption power supply which was the reason why an inverter was invented. Inverters are widely used in the domestic as well as industrial environments to serve as second line of source in case of power cut from the electricity utility grids. The problem with the inverter is that the battery of the inverter dies out with the use of heavy load appliances. This project is designed in such a way that it overcomes this limitation by the use of solar energy. Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging System consists of an inverter powered by a 12V Battery.

1.2                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT

To provide uninterrupted power supply to domestic appliances and lightings where there is public mains supply failure and also generates a stable source of power supply.

1.3                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objectives are:

• To avoid noise in the surrounding which is produced by gasoline engines such as diesel and petro generators.
• To save cost of fueling and maintenance of gasoline engine generators.
• To reduce damage of electronic appliances as a result of unstable power supply.
• To ensure that, there is continuous power supply.
• To generate 220V AC output from a 12V DC source.

1.3                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging System consists of an inverter powered by a 12V Battery.

Hybrid power inverter system is consisted of solar panels, charger controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries. Hybrid inverter systems generate power in the same way as a common grid-tie solar system but use special hybrid inverters and batteries to store energy for later use.

1.4                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The main purpose of this work is to ensure that, there is continuous power supply for residential and industrial

1.5                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Hybrid inverter is useful in making appliances work at residential and industrial levels, such as:

1. Allows you to store excess solar or low cost (off-peak) electricity.
2. Allows use of stored solar energy during peak evening times (known as self-use or load-shifting)

• Most hybrid inverters have backup power capability.

1. Reduces power consumption from the grid (reduced demand)
2. Enables advanced energy management (ie. peak shaving)

1.6                            LIMITATION AND PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT

• Higher cost. Mainly due to the high cost of batteries.
• Longer payback time – Higher return on investment
• More complex installation requires more room and higher install cost.
• Battery life of 7-15 years.
• Backup power may limit how many appliances you can run at the same time (depending on the type of hybrid inverter and its capability)
• 1.7                                   BENEFITS OF HYBRID INVERTERS

Hybrid inverters have many advantages – here are some of the top ones to consider as you’re comparing inverter solutions:

Resiliency

A common misconception about solar is that if you install a system, you’ll always have power during outages. In most cases, this is not true: traditional grid-tied solar inverters automatically shut off during power outages for safety purposes, cutting off power generation from your solar panel system.

When there is need to keep your property running on backup solar power during a grid outage, hybrid inverters paired with batteries are a great solution. Some hybrid inverters have both on-grid and off-grid capabilities, allowing you to continue running on solar power even if the grid goes dark.

Monitoring

With a hybrid inverter, all of your solar electricity–whether being sent to the grid, self-consumed on your property, or being stored in your battery–is converted through one component. This allows for “centralized monitoring,” which means you can monitor both your solar panel system and battery performance through one platform.

Retrofit battery storage installations

One of the biggest benefits of a hybrid inverter is that it combines the functionality of two separate pieces of equipment into one. This can mean an easier installation process for your solar installer. Depending on the prices of the individual components and the cost of labor, you may save money by installing a hybrid inverter from the get-go as opposed to paying for both a solar inverter and a battery-specific inverter separately.

1.8                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

1. Use in off-grid mode (without network) with the possibility of linking to a generator. The inverter must be connected to a battery bank and must have true off-grid capabilities – not all Hybrid inverters are created equal or can be used in off-grid applications.
2. Use in on-grid or grid-tie with the possibility of selling energy or excess energy. There is a need to have the norm compliance of protection and decoupling.

• Use in hybrid mode the inverter functions with a battery bank, but also connected to the grid. This dual functionality is the highlight of hybrid inverters that hence enable energy management.

1. Use in Backup mode, or storage mode prevents blackouts by switching from on-grid mode to off-grid mode at the moment of a grid outage, thereby eliminates network cuts.

1.9                                                         PROJECT ORGANIZATION

The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied,  chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.