Design And Construction Of A Solar Power System

ABSTRACT

The 200W solar system was determined by load assessment, solar panel number determination, battery requirement and then inverter sizing.  A complete solar panel rated at 200w was however purchased, together with 2 no. 150A solar battery, 1500W inverter and also 10A charge controller. These were assembled together with necessary protective gadgets like cut out switches; to give the 200W expected. The solar panel was mounted outside the building to allow for maximum collection of sun energy. It is expected that the system will help the department meet up with its office duties even when central power is not available.

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page …………………………………………………………………………i

Approval page……………………………………………………………………ii

Dedication ………………………………………………………………………iii

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………….iv

Abstract………………………………………………………………………….v

Table of content……………………………………………………………….vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0          Introduction

• the need for the project
• objective of the project
• purpose of the project
• significance of the project
• scope of the project
• limitation of the project
• definition of terms
• project organization

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 

2.1       The basics of solar power system

2.2   Principle of solar panel

2.2.1 Estimating system out

2.2.2 Standard test conditions

2.2.3 Temperature

2.2.4 Dirt and dust

2.2.5   Mismatch and wiring losses

2.3 Solar charge controller

2.4   Principle of inverter

2.4.1 Inverter sizing

2.4.2   DC to AC conversion losses

2.5    solar battery

2.5.1   Temperature effect

2.5.2    Battery voltage

2.5.3    Battery power conversion efficiency

2.5.4    Monitoring and maintenance

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM OPERATION

3.1     Block diagram of the system

3.2     System operation with block diagram

CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1   Load evaluation and power consumption table

4.1.1 Calculating power consumption

4.2    Battery sizing

4.3    Solar panel sizing

4.3.1 Typical Pv electrical system types

4.3.2   Solar array sizing worksheet

CHAPTER FIVE: PROCUREMENT, INSTALLATION, TEST AND RESULT

5.1    Procurement

5.2    Determination of installation site

5.2.1 Mounting options

5.3    Installation procedure

5.4 Test and results

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1       Conclusion

6.2      Recommendation

6.3       Limitation

6.4      Reference

  LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1      Block diagram of system component…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

Figure 2.2       Solar Panel…………………………………………………………………………………… 5

Figure 2.3       Solar Charge Controller…………………………………………………………….. 8

Figure 2.4       An Inverter…………………………………………………………………………………… 9

Figure 2.5       Solar Battery…………………………………………………………………………….. 11

Figure 3.1       Solar System Block Diagram………………………………………………….. 14

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1   Load evaluation and power consumption……………………………16

Table 4.2  Battery sizing worksheet………………………………………………………20

Table 4.3       Solar array sizing worksheet…………………………………..22

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0                                          INTRODUCTION

Solar panels produce direct electricity with the help of electrons that are moving from negative to positive direction. Most of the appliances that we use at home work on alternative current. This AC is created by the constant back and forth of the electrons from negative to positive. In AC electricity the voltage can be adjusted according to the use of the appliance.  As solar panels only produce Direct current the solar inverter is used to convert the DC to AC.

A solar power system produces square waves or a sine wave which can be used for running lights, televisions, lights, motors etc. However, this solar power system also produce harmonic distortion. Expensive solar power system make use of lots of steps to produce a sine wave and thus are found in residential solar power system. Basically inverters should be a large one so that it supplies enough power to all the necessary appliances.

Many people using solar power system these days which prove that its necessity has been increased in the current years. A solar power system is similar to a normal electric energy generator but uses the energy of the Sun, that is, Solar energy. A solar inverter helps in converting the direct current into alternate current with the help of solar power. Direct power is that power which runs in one direction inside the circuit and helps in supplying current when there is no electricity. Direct currents are used for small appliance like mobile e phones, MP3 players, IPod etc. where there is power stored in the form of battery. In case of alternative current it is the power that runs back and forth inside the circuit. The alternate power is generally used for house hold appliances. A solar power system helps devices that run on DC power to run in AC power so that the user makes use of the AC power. If you are thinking why to use solar power system instead of the normal electric one then it is because the solar one makes use of the solar energy which is available in abundant from the Sun and is clean and pollution free.

Solar power system is also called as photovoltaic solar power system. These devices can help you save lot of money.  The small-scale grid  one have just two components i.e. the panels and energy generator while  the off grid systems are complicated and consists of batteries which allows users to use appliances during the night when there is no Sunlight available.  The solar panel and the batteries that are placed on rooftops attract Sun rays and then convert the Sunlight into electricity. The batteries too grab the extra electricity so that it can then be used to run appliances at night.

1.2                               NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Interoperability of the system made it possible to eliminate all suspense from mains outage during the execution of an important and urgent assignment as may be required.

For better production of the system, the system was operated at a fully charged condition of the battery.

The project was rated 200W of 220V and 50Hz. It was expected that at this condition, it was favourable to carry load of the stipulated power. Loads of low power factors are not helpful since they produce spikes. Overloading is not potent to provide zero change over time and the inverter had LEDs which indicates mains failure and battery discharge and system fault.

1.3                           OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The general objective of the system is to provide efficiency, steadiness in the use of power appliances, by ensuring continuous availability of power supply even in the absence of mains.

1.4                                    SCOPE OF PROJECT

This solar power source makes it possible to provide a clean reliable supply of alternative electricity free of sags or surges which could be found in the line voltage frequency.

The solar power system (SPS) system achieved this by direct current from solar panel and by rectifying the standard main supply, using the direct current to charge the batteries and to provide clean alternative power by passing the energy a filter system.

It has zero change over time and LEDs which indicates mains fail and battery discharge level and it provides 100% protection against line noise, spikes surges and audio frequency interference.

1.5                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this work is to design an electric power generating device that transforms direct current (DC) generated by a PV system into alternating current (AC), which can be sent into an AC appliances. This device can be used either in concert with battery systems or to directly power certain devices. They also tend to have a few identifying features that are specifically intended to be used with Photo Voltaic arrays, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

1.6                          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

• Solar energy has always helped in reducing global warming and green house effect.
• Also use of solar energy helps in saving money many people have started using solar based devices
• A solar energy generator helps in converting the Direct current into batteries or alternative current. This helps people who use limited amount of electricity.
• There is this synchronous solar power system that helps small homeowners and power companies as they are large in size.
• Then there is this multifunction solar power system which is the best among all and works efficiently. It converts the DC power to AC very carefully which is perfect for commercial establishments
• This inverter is cost effective i.e. less expensive than generators
• Apart from solar power system there are other devices too that make use of solar energy namely, solar cooker, heater.
• Solar power system is the best way and they are better than the normal electric ones. Also their maintenance does not cost much money

1.7                            LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

• Initially you need to shell out a lot of money for buying a solar power system. It will work effectively and produce direct current only when the Sunlight is strong.
• The solar panels that are used to attract Sunlight requires lots of space
• The device can work efficiently only if the presence of the Sun is strong.
• The project was rated 200W of 220V and 50Hz

1.8                                   DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Inverter unit: This unit converts a DC voltage into AC voltage with the help of the inverter unit.
2. Automatic Control Unit: This provides all the required control needed to meet up the objective of the whole system
3. Battery Unit: This is a secondary cell unit, capable of storing enough DC voltage from either sun or AC main, of which is later converted to AC voltage.

1.9                          PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of the study were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.