Design And Construction Of An Automatic Night Lightening System

ABSTRACT

This project work is on the construction of automatic night lightening system. Which aimed at activating a switch or AC lamp at sunset and deactivate it at sunrise.

This automatic night lightening system can trigger a relay to operate an AC lamp at Sunset. The lamp remains on till morning and then turns off. This eliminates the need of switching the lamp or Backyard lamp daily and also helps to light the premises of the house when the occupants are out of station.

The circuit utilizes the light sensing property of LDR to activate the circuit. The LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) has very high resistance as high as 10 Meg ohms in dark which reduces to a few Ohms in bright light.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
• LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
• APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
• PROJECT ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      REVIEW OF LIGHT SENSOR

2.2      LDR STRUCTURE AND WORKING

2.3      REVIEW OF THE MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

3.2      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3      CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

3.4      SYSTEM OPERATION

3.5      COMPONENTS LIST

3.6     DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

4.2      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS

4.3      CONSTRUCTION OF THE CASING

4.4      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION

4.5    INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN

4.6    COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSIONS
• RECOMMENDATION

5.3     REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION

The controlling of street lights or home lamps (or security lights) is usually maintained by an electrical department’s technician or home occupants on several occasions. This is not only precarious but also sometimes results in wastage of power because of the negligence or unusual circumstances on part of the technician in operating the lights on and off. Not only in case of street lights, even for controlling the home appliances like garden or outdoor lights, we can utilize the automatic night lightening system for automatic switching of the lights based on daylight’s intensity by using a light sensor.

Automatic night lightening system is a  electrical project circuit by which we can switch on and off the electrical load appliances like lights, fans, coolers, air conditioners, street lights, etc., automatically based on the day-light intensity instead of manually operating the switches.

By using this method, manpower can be reduced to a great extent. In case of the street lights/lamp erected on highways it is not an easy task to manually control them, but, if uncontrolled, the chances of power wastage would increase. To get rid of this situation, the implementation of automatic light switch by using a dark/light sensor that switches lights automatically on and off is the best option.

1.1                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this work is to design a device that will trigger lamps when darkness falls on the sensor (LDR). At the end of this work the student involved will be able to:

1. understand how light dependent resistor works
2. connect light dependent resistor unto a circuit

• know operation of an op-amp and the functions of the pins

1.2                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

An automatic night lightening system is an electronic  circuit consisting of LDR, transistor and Relay as connected in the main circuit, as shown below.

The circuit shown below requires a DC voltage, which can be supplied from a battery or by using a bridge rectifier instead of the battery. The bridge rectifier uses a step-down transformer to step-down the 230v into 12v.

This circuit is to switch ON the light when the LDR is illuminated. The light dependent resistor will have high resistance in darkness and low resistance in the light. The comparator used here has LDR connected to its inverting terminal and potentiometer connected to its non-inverting pin.

When the darkness falls on the Light Dependent Resistor, the comparator compares the voltages at the reference pin that is with the non-inverting pin and the inverting pin of the op-amp. If the voltage at the non-inverting pin is greater than the voltage at the inverting pin the transistor cannot be switched. If the voltage at non-inverting pin is less than the voltage at the inverting pin, the output of the comparator can switch the transistor.

Thus the relay switches and light/ or alarm are switched on when LDR is illuminated as transistor switches.

1.3                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This device is very useful in that it distinguishes daylight and dark hours. This device eliminates the need of switching the Porch lamp or Backyard lamp daily and also helps to switch ON or OFF the premises of the house when the occupants are out of station.

1.4                                           LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

One of the problems of this device is that any opaque material can trigger the device, such as human shadow, movement of animals or ants across the sensor can trigger the system

1.5                                         APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT

• Useful for automatic outdoor lighting or garden lighting at home.
• Useful for automatic switching of street lights.
• Useful for switching the hoardings on and off automatically.
• Useful for self-switching operation of displaying title hoardings of companies.
• Useful as a light detector circuit when the pin of the ic is reconfigured.
• Useful as a dark activated switch.

1.6                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANIZATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to automatic night lightening system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of dark activated alarm were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of automatic night lightening system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.

Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.