Design And Construction Of Uninterruptible Power Supply
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is a crucial device designed to provide continuous electrical power to connected equipment in the event of power disruptions or outages. Acting as a backup power source, a UPS safeguards sensitive electronics such as computers, servers, and networking equipment from potential damage or data loss caused by unexpected power failures. Employing various technologies such as batteries, capacitors, or flywheels, UPS systems offer reliable power protection by seamlessly switching to battery power during power outages, transient voltage fluctuations, or surges. With its resilience against power disturbances, a UPS serves as an essential component in ensuring operational continuity, data integrity, and equipment longevity in diverse applications ranging from home offices to critical infrastructure facilities, enhancing both productivity and system reliability.
The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is design to help in the offices, workshops and house hold appliances, due to the unstable power supply being supplied by (NEPA) presently known as Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) usually supply to us.
With the help of the “UPS” we don’t need to depend much on PHCN it is stress free because it don’t need someone to change it over when light goes off, once there is any power failure it will automatically switched on and when power comes it will switch off and start charging the battery.
Another interesting thing in the UPS is that it does not need any external charger for charging the battery when it goes low, it have already built charger inside the UPS when there is light it will be charging the battery.
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
INVERTER SECTION/OSCILLATION
AUTOMATIC CONTROL SECTION
AIM OF THE DESIGN
CHAPTER TWO
DEFINITION OF TERMS/COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS
TRANSISTORS
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
RELAYS
DIODE
TRANSFORMER
CHAPTER THREE
SECTIONAL DECRIPTION FO THE SYSTEM
OSCILLATION CIRCUIT SECTION
CIRCUIT OPERATION
WAVEFORM OF AN OSCILLATION
WAVEFORM OF AN INVERTER
SWITCHING CIRCUIT SECTION
POWER TRANSFORMER AND IVNERTER ACTION
PRECAUTION DURING WINDING OF TRANSFORMER
AUTOMATIC CIRCUIT SECTION/CHARGER
COMPLET CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE UPS
CHAPTER FOUR
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
CASIG AND PACKIGN
ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
TESTIGN OF SYSTEM OPERATION
CHAPTER FIVE
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
RECOMMENDATION
CHAPTER SIX
COST ANALYSIS
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is used to continue the flow of current and also make voltage to be steady as soon as NEPA source is interrupted. They are divided into various sections, which are
1. INVERTER SECTION
In this section, the Direct Current (DC) voltage is converted into an Alternate Current (AC) voltage with the help of the oscillation. An oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces an output signal without any applied external input signal.
The inverter (Not Circuit) performs a basic logic function called inversion or complementation. The prupsoe of the inverter is to change on logic level (High/Low) to the opposite logic level. In terms of bits, it changes a ‘I’ to a ‘O’ and vise versa.
This section also consist of two stages of switching circuits which comprises of FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS.
The oscillator has two output terminals each of the switching circuits is coupled to the two output terminals of the oscillator respectively. This is elaborated in the subsequent chapter.
2. AUTOMATIC CONTROL SECTION
This section produces all the required controls needed to meet up with the main aim of the entire system. It controls automatically ‘ON’ of the system into NEPA and hence obtaining a NEPA line as the output of the system and same time linking battery charger into charging the battery. Also switching “ON” of the inverter into functional mode as soon as power interruption is experienced and this is done by the automatic circuit. This automatic circuit makes sure that no line is colliding by properly carrying out the exchange system with the help of the relays.
AIM OF THE DESIGN
The Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) provides the efficiency in the use of power appliance by ensuring continuous availability of power supply in the absence of NEPA source.
For a better output to be produced, it is advisable to charge the battery to its full condition and also make sure that the battery has enough ampere so as to withstand much load.
To eliminate excessive heat in the circuit, proper heat sink should be sued or a cooling fan, so as to reduce any heat that on the transistors.
The rated value for this UPS is 1000W at 240V and 50HZ. It is expected at all condition being favourable to carry load of higher power factor at approximation of the power stated. It can last for days depending on the load. It is advisable not to overload it because it can damage the circuit.
Uninterruptible Power Supply:
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is a device that provides battery backup power to connected devices and equipment during electrical outages or fluctuations in power supply. Its primary purpose is to ensure the continuity of power to critical systems and prevent data loss or damage to sensitive electronic equipment. Here are the key components and functions of a UPS:
Battery: The heart of a UPS is its rechargeable battery. When the UPS is connected to a power source, it continuously charges the battery. When a power outage occurs or the input voltage goes out of the specified range, the UPS switches to battery power to provide immediate backup.
Inverter: The inverter is responsible for converting the DC (direct current) power from the UPS battery into AC (alternating current) power that is compatible with the devices connected to the UPS. This ensures a seamless transition from utility power to battery power.
Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR): Many UPS units include AVR technology to stabilize the input voltage. They can boost or reduce the voltage as needed to keep it within a safe range. This helps protect connected devices from voltage sags, surges, and spikes.
UPS Outputs: UPS units typically have multiple output sockets or receptacles where you can connect your devices. These can be protected by battery backup or surge protection, depending on the type of UPS.
Monitoring and Control: Modern UPS units often come with monitoring and control features. These can include USB or network interfaces for connecting the UPS to a computer for remote monitoring and management. Some UPS systems also offer the ability to shut down connected devices gracefully in the event of an extended power outage.
There are several types of UPS systems, including:
Standby UPS: These are the simplest and most common types of UPS. They provide basic battery backup and surge protection but may have a slight delay when switching to battery power.
Line-Interactive UPS: These UPS units incorporate AVR technology to regulate the input voltage and provide better protection against voltage fluctuations. They offer faster switchover to battery power than standby UPS.
Online (Double Conversion) UPS: These UPS units continuously convert incoming AC power to DC power and then back to AC power, providing the cleanest and most reliable power source. They are ideal for critical applications but are more expensive and less energy-efficient than other types.
UPS systems are widely used in various settings, including data centers, home offices, hospitals, and industrial facilities, to ensure that critical equipment and systems remain operational during power disturbances. The choice of a UPS depends on the specific needs and requirements of the devices it will protect and the duration of backup power required during outages.