Design And Implementation Of A Four Way Traffic Light Control Circuit
The design and implementation of a four-way traffic light control circuit involves creating a system that efficiently regulates the flow of vehicles at an intersection. This circuit typically comprises multiple components, including microcontrollers, sensors, LEDs, and timers, all coordinated to manage traffic movement effectively. By integrating sensors to detect vehicle presence and timers to control signal durations, the circuit ensures smooth traffic flow while prioritizing safety. Through meticulous design and testing, the circuit optimizes the allocation of green, yellow, and red signals across all directions, enhancing traffic efficiency and minimizing congestion. Additionally, incorporating features such as pedestrian crossings and emergency vehicle priority further enhances the circuit’s functionality and adaptability to diverse traffic scenarios, ensuring comprehensive traffic management solutions.
This work has been aimed at efficient means of controlling the traffic effectively for twenty-four hours. As the world is growing technologically more and more vehicles jump into the public road adding to the already existing number. Consequently, more efficient way of controlling the traffics becomes more desirable as compared to the obsolete way of using the traffic personnel’s.
The design of this traffic light control is grouped basically into three; digital logic design, the power circuit and the power supply design. The digital logic design is based on integrated circuits which happens to be the modern way of designing digital systems, the power circuit design is aimed at lighting the different LEDS as and when due, while the power supply design strives to achieve a constant 8V dc supply for powering the circuit.
For this work, the frame with the LEDS mounted on it has been constructed, the driven circuit was implemented and the entire system enclosed in the smoothened frame.
The realized work was tested and guaranteed to give a firmly good level of performance.
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Table Of Contents
Abstract
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aims Of The Project
1.2 Methodology
Chapter Two
2.0 A Review On The Traffic Light Control System
2.1 The Power Supply Unit
2.2 The Transformer
2.3 The Rectifier
2.4 The Filter
2.5 The Voltage Regulator
2.6 The Digital Logic Circuit
2.7 The Oscillator
2.8 The Counter
2.9 The Decoder
2.10 The Logic Gates
2.11 The Power Circuit
2.12 The Booster/Amplifier Stage
2.13 The Lamp/Leds
Chapter Three
3.0 The Traffic Light Control
3.1 The Power Supply Design Specifications
3.2 The Transformers
3.3 Rectifier
3.4 The Filter Capacitor
3.5 The Voltage Regulator
3.6 The Digital Logic Design
3.7 The Oscillator
3.8 The 4017 Decade Counter
3.9 The Output Logic Gate Circuit
Chapter Four
4.0 Problem Encountered
4.1 Construction And Testing
4.2 Cost Analysis
4.3 The Overall Circuit Diagram Of The $-Way Traffic Light Control
Chapter Five
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
References
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the ever fast-growing world of business and technology today, there has become an increasing column of vehicles on every road in different place of the world. Traffic control light has become a very effective tool for sequential control of the teaming number of vehicles on the road to avert what would have been a recurrent saga of ghastly accidents at the junctions. There have been many ways of achieving this, uppermost among these being the employment of electronic monitoring circuits that which is controlled by presto clock.
In developed countries, the employment of traffic personnels who would be jumped up and down at the centres of the junction just for the motorists to acknowledge their rigorous signs has long come of age. In developing countries where 24 hours traffic flow is involved, many societies are adopting the usage of the traffic light control. The advantage offered by this method of traffic control cannot be over emphasized. For one, it offers a more advanced technology that is less prone to miscalculation and its regrettable occurrence. They stand out better at night, then offer illumination to the immediate surroundings which become important for security purpose and in general add to there entire aesthetic beauty of night life.
The technology behind the design may vary from place to place, but the fact remains that in all cases an electronic (logic) circuit is made to control a power circuit. The electronic logic circuit is normally composed of the basic digital components of electronic design which includes oscillators, timers, counters, decoders, microprocessors, etcetera, while the power circuit includes the lamps and the drivers circuits. The digital circuit is designed to give an output commensurate to the design choice. The power supply unit is designed to generate a steady supply voltage which is used to power the logic circuit.
The output consists of a series of lamps which are expected to light in a particular sequence depending on the design. By the logic circuit design, the lamps are made to come up in a particular sequence depending on the design with each colour meaning different motional status of the vehicles in that column.
1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT
Going by the rapid advancement in technology all over the world, the need for better ways of solving a problem keep coming up every day. Necessity is the mother of invention. It has become imperative for societies, companies, industries, business ventures, clubs etc to offer 24 hour service, hence thereby has to be a way of controlling the teaming column of vehicles which convey both individuals and goods to different destinations of that type. The most elegant way of directing the motorists is by the use of traffic light control. This type of control serves a dual purpose. In the day type it directs the vehicles, whereas it turns out to additionally illuminating the environment in the night, so that at very far distance, its effect is noticeably felt, conveying its message to an oncoming vehicle very far from the point.
The project is therefore aimed at building a prototype four-way traffic light control circuitry.
1.2 METHODOLOGY
Priority was given to the nature of the junction and how far away they are at different seasons of the year. A lot of design research was carried out on digital logic design and choice of digital families. Data books were consulted to make the most suitable choice of components at the most reasonable cost.
After the design, a market survey was conducted and some components used in the design were not obtainable in the market. Hence, alternative components had to be used and the circuit redesigned. The subsequent stage involves physically realizing the design work, constructing and packaging the entire circuitry on the frame. Finally, he work was given a fine finish and tested.
SHARE PROJECT MATERIALS ON:
Designing and implementing a four-way traffic light control circuit involves several components and considerations. This circuit will control traffic flow at an intersection with four directions. Here’s a basic outline of how you can approach this project:
Components Needed:
- Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi, PIC)
- Traffic light LEDs (Red, Yellow, Green for each direction)
- Resistors (for current limiting of LEDs)
- Transistors (e.g., NPN transistors like 2N2222)
- Diodes (for preventing backflow of current)
- Pushbuttons or sensors (for pedestrian crossing)
- Power supply (appropriate voltage and current)
- Breadboard or PCB (for circuit prototyping)
Step-by-Step Guide:
1. Schematic Design:
- Create a schematic diagram of your circuit. You can use software like Fritzing, Eagle, or any other electronic design tool.
- Plan the connections for each LED, transistor, resistor, and the microcontroller.
2. LED Configuration:
- Connect the Red, Yellow, and Green LEDs for each direction to the microcontroller through current-limiting resistors.
- Use transistors to control the current flow to the LEDs. Connect the base of each transistor to the microcontroller pins.
3. Timing Control:
- Program your microcontroller to control the timing of the traffic lights.
- Define the durations for each phase (Red, Yellow, Green) and the sequence for all four directions.
- Use timers or delay functions in your code to manage these timings.
4. Pedestrian Crossing:
- If you want to include pedestrian signals, connect pushbuttons or sensors to the microcontroller.
- Program the microcontroller to respond to pedestrian requests by adding pedestrian signal phases.
5. Power Supply:
- Ensure you have a stable power supply for your circuit. The voltage and current requirements will depend on your components.
6. Testing:
- Assemble your circuit on a breadboard or PCB.
- Test the traffic light sequences and pedestrian crossing functionality.
- Debug any issues that arise.
7. Enclosure and Mounting:
- Once your circuit works correctly, consider placing it in an enclosure suitable for outdoor use (if necessary).
- Mount the traffic lights at the intersection, ensuring they are visible to all directions.
8. Safety Measures:
- Ensure that the circuit is designed with safety in mind, with proper grounding and protection against electrical faults.
9. Maintenance:
- Traffic light circuits require regular maintenance. Ensure that you have a plan for monitoring and servicing the system.
10. Documentation:
- Document your circuit design, code, and wiring for future reference or maintenance.
Remember to follow safety guidelines and, if needed, consult local regulations and authorities regarding traffic light installations, as they may have specific requirements and standards that must be met.