Construction Of A Microcontroller Based T-Junction Traffic Light Controller
The construction of a microcontroller-based T-junction traffic light controller involves the integration of electronic components and programming to regulate the flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic efficiently. This intricate system employs a microcontroller as the central processing unit, orchestrating the sequential operation of traffic lights at the T-junction. The key components include light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for signal indication, sensors to detect vehicle presence and optimize signal timing, and a microcontroller programmed to execute the predetermined traffic control algorithm. Through meticulous wiring and programming, the traffic light controller manages the dynamic interaction of vehicles at the T-junction, ensuring a smooth and safe traffic flow. This technological solution addresses the need for organized traffic management, offering a sophisticated alternative to traditional systems. The successful implementation of such a controller requires expertise in electronics, programming, and traffic engineering to guarantee its effective and reliable performance.
T-junction traffic light controller is such a device that will play a significant role in controlling traffic at junctions, to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum disorderliness that may arise, as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads. Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that control the flow of traffic in a pre-determined sequential pattern at a junction, has its diagram comprising of different components. The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified voltage from primary source. The pulse generator consisting of a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system. The display unit of each stand consists of led, the first is red in colour, the second is amber in colour and the last is green in colour.
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Objective of the Project
1.3 Scope of the Study
1.4 Project Report Organization
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pre-Emption And Priority
2.3 Special Provisions
2.4 Technology
2.5 Control And Co-Ordination
2.6 Design Layout And Operation Site
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS
3.1 The Power Supply
3.2 The Voltage Regulator
3.3 Crystal Oscillator
3.4 Paper Capacitor
3.5 The Microcontroller
3.6 System Flow Diagram
3.7 Light Indicator Stage
3.8 Transistors
3.9 Resistors
3.10 Bridge Rectifier
3.11 Electrolytic Capacitor
3.12 Step Down Transformer
3.13 Seven Segment Display
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SYSTEMS OPERATIONAL UNITS
4.1 The Control Unit
4.2 System Analysis
4.3 Choice Of Counter
4.4 The Interface Unit
4.5 Test And Result
4.6 Observation
4.7 Packaging
4.8 Bill Of Engineering Measurement And Evaluation
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Suggestions For Further Research
References
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The traffic on our roads, especially intra-city traffic due to increasing number of cars grow by the day and unless adequate steps are taken to control the situation, we shall soon meet with circumstances we do not bargain for. That the innumerable traffic junctions in the country by far out-number the staff strength of the traffic wardens available and that the traffic wardens even where they are enough to control all the junctions cannot do so throughout the day is not in doubt. Traffic control at T.junctions or elsewhere ensures orderliness of movements of vehicles, goods and pedestrians while its absence strongly indicates chaos and most at times leads to accidents.
In the light of the above, it is imperative to recognize the need to compliment the physical exhausting efforts of the traffic wardens. In doing so, steps to be taken should assume permanence in nature rather than any ad-hoc exercise. Such is the role expected to be played by an installed operational road junction traffic controller.
This project –DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER is such a device that will play significant role in controlling traffic at junctions to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as well as allowing the
pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads.
Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that controls the flow of traffic in a pre-determine sequential pattern at a junction has its diagram below with blocks representing distinct units.[1]
Fig 1.1: Traffic Light Control System
The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified dc voltage from primary source, which is a 240v, 50Hz ac supply, from public power system. The pulse generator containing a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system.
The display unit of each stand consists of three bulbs Red in colour showing STOP, three bulbs Amber in colour showing GET READY and three bulbs Green in colour showing MOVE.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
AC Source
Dc Power Supply
Pulse Generator
Counter
Decoder
Lamp Display
The main objective of the study includes:
5 To investigate the practicality of the theoretical knowledge about these components to be used.
6 To experiment on the compatibility of the working relation between components to be used.
7 To investigate the extent to which the design and construction of the control unit can be useful to mankind.
8 To investigate the immediate usefulness of the control system as complimentary to traffic wardens.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this project is to enlighten all electronics students on the use of microcontroller base traffic light (3-ways) and timer system in T-junction. On the practical usage it is limited to the laboratory used for reference purpose. The larger application of this project work is found in most of our mega cities like Abuja, Lagos, Calabar, Enugu etc, to control and manage heavy traffic congestion.
1.4 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
This report is structured to follow the history and origin of traffic light system all through the design and implementation phase. The report takes into account the step-by-step process followed in order to arrive at the final design.
Chapter one of this report introduces the concept of the Traffic light system and its objectives. Chapter two centers on the literature review, the origin and history of Traffic light systems and its basic functionality. Chapter Three explains the components which make up the Traffic light system and their basic functionalities/mode of operation. Chapter Four discusses the design procedure, construction, steps and packaging.
Chapter five handles the tests and results as well as conclusion and recommendation.
SHARE PROJECT MATERIALS ON:
Construction Of A Microcontroller Based T-Junction Traffic Light Controller:
Building a microcontroller-based T-junction traffic light controller involves designing a system that can manage the flow of traffic through a T-shaped intersection. This system will use a microcontroller to control the traffic lights and make decisions based on the traffic conditions. Below are the general steps to create such a controller:
Components Needed:
- Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, Raspberry Pi, PIC, etc.)
- Traffic light modules (Red, Yellow, Green for each direction)
- LEDs and resistors
- Breadboard or custom PCB
- Power supply
- Sensors (e.g., infrared sensors, ultrasonic sensors, or cameras for detecting vehicles)
- Relay modules (for controlling the traffic lights)
- Wiring and connectors
- Programming environment (e.g., Arduino IDE, Python, etc.)
Step 1: Circuit Design:
- Design the circuit for connecting the microcontroller to the traffic light modules, LEDs, and sensors. Each traffic light module should have a relay to control it.
- Connect the LEDs to the microcontroller for status indication.
- If you’re using sensors, connect them to the microcontroller to detect the presence of vehicles.
Step 2: Write the Microcontroller Code:
- Set up the microcontroller’s programming environment (e.g., Arduino IDE for Arduino boards).
- Write code to control the traffic lights based on predefined logic or sensor inputs. You’ll need to consider the following aspects:
- Define the traffic light sequences for each direction.
- Implement timing for each phase (e.g., Green, Yellow, Red).
- Include logic to detect vehicles and adjust the light timings accordingly.
- Create functions to control the relays that control the traffic lights.
- Make sure your code handles the T-junction scenario, which involves managing traffic flow from three directions: the main road and two side roads.
Step 3: Sensor Integration (Optional):
- If you’re using sensors, integrate them into your code. Use the sensor data to make decisions about when to change the lights.
- Implement sensor calibration and filtering to reduce noise and improve accuracy.
Step 4: Testing:
- Test your traffic light controller in a controlled environment to ensure it works as expected. Simulate different traffic scenarios to verify the logic.
- Adjust the timing and logic as needed to optimize traffic flow and safety.
Step 5: Power Supply and Enclosure:
- Provide a stable power supply to the microcontroller and traffic lights.
- House the circuitry and microcontroller in a weatherproof enclosure if the traffic lights will be used outdoors.
Step 6: Installation and Deployment:
- Install the traffic light controller at the T-junction intersection.
- Ensure proper wiring and safety measures are in place.
Step 7: Maintenance:
- Regularly inspect and maintain the system to ensure it operates correctly.
- Make software updates as needed to adapt to changing traffic patterns.
This is a simplified overview of the process. Depending on your specific requirements and the microcontroller platform you choose, you may need to make adjustments to the steps and code. Additionally, consider safety regulations and requirements for traffic control systems in your region, as they may vary.