Design And Construction Of A Microcontroller Based Proximity Sensor
The design and construction of a microcontroller-based proximity sensor involve integrating various components to create a device capable of detecting nearby objects without physical contact. This sensor typically utilizes infrared (IR) or ultrasonic technology to emit signals and measure their reflection to determine object distance. The system comprises a microcontroller unit (MCU) like Arduino or Raspberry Pi, along with a proximity sensor module, such as an IR sensor or ultrasonic transducer. The MCU processes sensor data, executes programmed algorithms, and triggers appropriate actions based on proximity readings. Additionally, supporting components like power sources, voltage regulators, resistors, capacitors, and interfacing modules are employed for stable operation and connectivity. Assembly involves connecting sensor modules to the MCU, configuring input/output pins, programming logic for distance calculations and response thresholds, and testing the sensor’s functionality across various proximity ranges. Optimizing for efficient power consumption, precise distance measurement, and reliable performance are crucial aspects of the design process, ensuring the sensor meets its intended application requirements effectively. Throughout development, considerations for durability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability are integrated to produce a robust and adaptable proximity sensing solution suitable for diverse environments and applications.
ABSTRACT
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor’s target.
This device is developed by interfacing ultrasonic sensor with ATM microcontroller.Proximity measurement using ultrasonic sensor and ATMEGA328p. In this project object proximity was measured object distance in centimeters without any physical contact, with the help of APDS9022 Ultrasound sensor, ATMEGA328p micro-controller, LCD Display via I2C bus.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF PROXIMITY SENSOR
- HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF PROXIMITY DETECTOR
2.3 REVIEW OF DIFERENT TYPES OF PROXIMITY SENSOR
2.4 REVIEW OF IR TECHNOLOGIES FOR PROXIMITY SENSING
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 COMPONENTS REQUIRED
3.4 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.5 LCD CONNECTION
3.6 PROGRAMMING EXPLANATION
3.7 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
4.3 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.4 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.5 PACKAGING
4.6 MOUNTING PROCEDURE
4.7 TESTING
4.8 RESULT ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Proximity Detection Sensors detect and measure reflected infrared (IR) energy to detect the presence of an object or person. The proximity detection devices offer a wide range of performance, with four programmable LED drive currents and IR pulse repetitions. The proximity detection circuitry compensates for ambient light, allowing it to operate in environments ranging from bright sunlight to dark rooms. The wide dynamic range allows operation in short-distance detection applications behind dark glass, such as cell phones. Proximity Detection Sensors can be used for a mechanical switch replacement or to sense human gesturing.
Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of an object. Examples of proximity sensor usage include detecting an out-of-paper condition in a printer or a mobile phone screen that dims to save battery life when placed near a face.
Proximity Sensors are analog output reflective sensors in a small form factor SMT package that offer a distance detection range near zero to 60mm.
Proximity sensors can be used in industrial, automotive and consumer applications.
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is constructing a device which can be used to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact using ATMEGA328p, ultrasonic sensor and LCD display. That does this by emitting an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal.
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to provide a digital means of measuring object distance without physical contact with the object that is been measured.
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
As a student of electrical/electronics engineering, this work has exposed me to know the application and description of many electronics components. It also made me to know that an object can be detected by electromagnetic field without making any physical contact with the object.
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project is designed to measure the proximity of any object by using an ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic means of proximity measurement is a convenient method compared to traditional one using measurement scales.
This proposed system uses an ultrasonic module interfaced to a microcontroller of ATMEGA328p.
The total time taken from sending the waves to receiving it is calculated by taking into consideration the velocity of sound. Then the distance is calculated by a program running on the microcontroller and displayed on an LCD screen interfaced to the microcontroller. The ultrasonic sensor produces 40 kHz sound waves.
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
- Parking sensors, systems mounted on car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking
- Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety
- Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery
- Top dead centre (TDC)/camshaft sensor in reciprocating engines.
- Sheet breaks sensing in paper machine.
- Anti-aircraft warfare
- Roller coasters
- Conveyor systems
- Beverage and food can making lines[3]
- Mobile devices
- Touch screens that come in close proximity to the face
- Attenuating radio power in close proximity to the body, in order to reduce radiation exposure
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