Effectiveness Of Public Relations Practices In The Oil Sector

1.0 INTRODUCTION
This present dispensation, a lot of companies for production or distribution of a particular type of production or service and its consequent week to week competitor among companies, it has become necessary for such organization to establish at least goodwill and mutual understanding with their various publics if actually the tend to successes.
Through the success of such companies does not depends on product on service quality, neither does it hang on advertising alone, nor on good salesmanship, responsible allocation of fund, but the success of any company depend most often on how well the company has created mutual understanding among her public.
Jefkins (1988;9) he pointed out that negative situation could be converted into positive achievement through awareness and understanding. Based on this, Jefkins expects that company to use public relations to achieve sympathy, where there is hostility, acceptance where there is prejudice, develop interest where there is apathy and communicate to achieve knowledge where there is ignorance.
There is now need for a well-organized public relations practice. At this peripheral cutlip, conter and Broom (1985:4) in their conceptual definition states that “public relations is the management function that identifies, establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationship between a company and the various public on whom its success or failure depends”.
Companies achieve this mutually, beneficial relationship by creating awareness maintaining regular communication network evaluating public attitude identifying their policies and programme with the public interest and executing a programme of action to earn public understanding and support.
Public relation really involve contracting the relevant target publics and convincing them of the benefits of a particular argument; to support specific issues and causes; to accept companies proposals and public orientation. Public relations complements marketing balance when introduced early in marketing plan can make a telling difference in product success (Ajala:1993:22).
Meanwhile, the public relations practice took its origin or connected with the first and second world wars in the United States of America (USA). Further, this public relations practice also started in Nigeria around the 2nd world war (Ajala:1993:2).
During the Second World War, there was the need for European government to set up an information office where different message concerning the war situations and other generally economic situation could be disseminated. The information office later known as public relations office was initially aimed at publicizing colonial war, encourage the youths to join the war with certain explanation why they should join the war; that was the view of Adebolar (1992;19) it also assisted the government in its activities which require propaganda.
However, precisely the modern public relations in Nigeria took off in earliest 1948 when the colonial government then set up a public relations department that had offices in Lagos, Ibadan, Kaduna and Enugu. An expert in public relations job; Mr. Harold copper was the director of public relations in Nigeria, and of course he successfully tried to modernize government information service and initiated the policy of interpretation of government policies to the public (people).
No sooner did government recognize the importance of public in the discharge of her legitimate functions than the private sectors solicited for a piece of this action. In 1949, the United African Company (UAC) now know as United African Company of Nigeria (UACN) came up with the first public relations outfit in this sectors. That outfit crowded from an information department in the United African company network into a renamed public relations department in 1960. The company then describe public relations as “ a continuous effort on behalf of the company to promote the best possible understanding of its policies, activities and social attitude among those that can influence its development”.
Shell British Petroleum came up with her own public relations in 1969. the public relations activities relating of shell embrace “all activities to relations between the company, one hand, and the government of the federation, local communities the press commercial organizations, educational institutions and the other sector of the public on the hand”. Just like the United African Company of Nigeria (UACN) shell’s aim for fostering these relations was to ensure constant existence of unobstructured channel of communication with these publics. Thus, creating an atmosphere of understanding and cooperation. With the oil boom, came professional expression of communications and public relations men and women to fulfill the communications needs of industries, institutions, organization and the religious groups. As we enter into the third decade, people’s values started changing. As people’s needs charges, there was the need for public relations as a management tools increased especially from June 1990 when Federal Military Government backed up the profession with an enabling decree refereed to as Nigerian Institute of Public Relations Decree N0. 16 of 1990 (NIPR:1954:35).

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The history of African Petroleum Plc dated back to 1954 when the then British Petroleum Bp company limited, brought up the assets of Atlantic refining company on the West African Coast ten years later (1964) that company was incorporated in Nigeria as British Petroleum of Nigeria Limited which of course is a subsidiary of the world wide British Petroleum Group that marketed petroleum product throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. In 1978, the company changed from a private company to a public company when forty percent (40%) of the shares were sold to Nigerian citizens in compliance with provisions of the Nigeria enterprises promotions decree of 1977. On the 31st July 1979, the Federal Government acquired the sixty percent (60%) shares in British Petroleum (BP¬) Limited, just to making the company wholly Nigeria affair. As a result, the name of the company had to change African (AP) limited, which was in November 1979.
Accordingly, 20% of the Federal Governments 60% shares in African Petroleum were offered to the public in March 1989 in fulfillment of its privatization policy. The share were seven times over subscribed during the exercise, thus increasing the number of shareholder from about fifty thousand shareholders. The company is currently paid up share capital of N86.4m, which of course is the largest in the country.
As a marketer of refined petroleum in Nigeria, African Petroleum (AP) procures and distributes petroleum products like petrol (PMS), diesel oil (AGO), Household Kerosine or Domestic Petroleum Kerosine (HHK/DPK), Low Poor Fuel Oil (LPFO), Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), Fuel-Oil, Jet-A-L (aviation furbric kerosene) etc. The company also manufacture and market a wide range of lubricants, insecticide and chemicals. This company’s operation marketing areas are Kaduna, Kano, Port-Harcourt, Warri.
African Petroleum Plc has its read office in Lagos. The main source of its products is the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) through its strategic network depots and refineries. As contained in its Diary (1998) African Petroleum is a world class integrated petroleum company where outstanding and dedicated people supported by superior technology deliver exceptional benefits to its shareholders”. Their mission is to be an unmovative and customer oriented, provider of quality petroleum and related products and services”.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF AFRICAN PETROLEUM PLC
African petroleum, just like every other big organization shows various departments that made up this African Petroleum Plc functions of each department are clearly define though has same element of inter-relation-ship as well as inter-relationship as well as inter dependent, meaning that no one department functions very well in isolation to the other department.
In the hierarchical structure, we have at the top managing director who is the Chief Executive. We have two Executive Directors for marketing and services. The managing director or the chief executive co-ordinates these two main division, formulates key policies with in the scope of the general policies as was laid down by board of director of the company.
The Chief Executive is directly in control of general management such Chief Internal Auditor (CIA) Manager, Management Information (MMI) and the company secretary. These three department are under the service division, personnel and administration, real estate and engineering. It should be noted that each of these department is headed by a manager who is answerable to the Executive Director of Division.
The marketing division is responsible for the sales and marketing of the company’s product. We have three department leaded by department manager, such departments are commercial sales, chemical marketing and retail sales. The public relations unit of the company is under this division. The public relations manager reports to the executive director (marketing). The other departments like lubricant, supply and distribution, finance and accounts all reports directly to the three directors.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
African Petroleum Plc (formerly British Petroleum) that has been in existence since 1954 is now one of the major marketers of petroleum products in Nigeria. African petroleum plc operates few major marketing areas in Kaduna, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt. It has depots at (Apapa) Lagos/Jos and Kano but its main source of petroleum Company (NNPC). Presently the company entered into the marketing of chemical, real estate development and manufacturing of insecticides.
Coming to the ever-increasing number of competition and continued number of competition and continued fuel scarcity in the country, the company does not fold its aim watching, rather she continues to diversify and expand on its activities. The reason being that should the company fail to satisfy her numerous publics by constant supply of product as at when needed and of course quality product, the publics negative reaction would affect its profit making ability and in retrospect affect the nations economy. In the effort of improving the quality of its produce and services, as regards achieving public commendations, goodwill and support, cannot in the actual sense understand how actually the publics feel about their company’s quality of services and their public relations programmes.
This research work shall do justice to address certain problems like
a. How far is the public relations messages of AP Plc accessible to her publics.
b. Were the right public relations media often use?
c. Is the public relations department of AP rated high by her publics in terms of its efficiency?
d. Does the public relations practices of African Petroleum Plc influence the opinion of their public in favour of AP
e. Do the public relations consider African Petroleum Plc’s public relations practices as adequate?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of public relations practices of African petrol Plc.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study are as follows.
a. To ascertain the extent of African petroleum’s public messages accessibility to their public.
b. To know whether the right public relations media were often used.
c. To determine whether AP’s public relations practice influence the opinion of their public in favour of African Petroleum.
d. To ascertain whether African Petroleum’s Public Relations Department is rated high in terms of its efficiency.
e. To find out if the publics of AP Plc consider as adequate.

FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
The degree of African Petroleum’s public relations message accessibility to her public is unsatisfactory.
The right public relations practices media were not often used.
The public relations practices of African Petroleum do not influence the opinion of their public infavour of African Petroleum.
The public relations department of AP is not rated high in terms of its efficiency.
The public consider African petroleum’s public relations practices as adequate.
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
Coming to the diversification and expansion of its activities, the current crises and the ever-increasing competition among oil marketing companies. African Petroleum Plc are concerned with generating marketing information which all will help them to achieve a favourable market share and maintain its profit marketing ability if really wants to remain in business.
The researcher may after some recommendation that will help to ensure an adequate and effective use of public relations as a tool for business promotions.
Moreover, this work will also serve as a working tool for Chief Executives and managers in the oil marketing sectors, this pieces of works will actually form a basis for further development and as well contribute to the existing knowledge in the area of oil marketing.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study was priority narrowed to the opinion of African Petroleum Staff, shareholders, customers and the press.
Besides, the view of other extended external public and minor public were not represented. The discrepancies will normally make a difference in some of the observation.
There are also limitation caused by time constraints, financial handicapped and very-very limited number of relevant needing materials in respect of the study.