Evaluation Of The Impact Of Supervision And Control Of The Central Bank On The Performance Of Commercial Banks

(A Case Study Of Access Bank Nig Plc Lagos Branch)

5 Chapters
|
82 Pages
|
1,471 Words

The evaluation of the impact of supervision and control by the central bank on the performance of commercial banks is a complex endeavor that requires a comprehensive analysis of regulatory frameworks, compliance measures, and financial outcomes. Central bank oversight plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability and integrity of the banking sector, fostering trust among depositors and investors while mitigating systemic risks. Supervisory mechanisms encompass a spectrum of tools, including capital requirements, risk assessments, and regular audits, aimed at maintaining sound banking practices and preventing excessive risk-taking. Effective supervision can enhance the resilience of commercial banks to economic shocks, promote transparency, and bolster investor confidence. However, overly stringent regulations may stifle innovation and hamper profitability, necessitating a delicate balance between prudential oversight and facilitating market dynamism. Moreover, the efficacy of supervision in improving bank performance can vary depending on contextual factors such as the macroeconomic environment, regulatory environment, and institutional capacity. Thus, a nuanced evaluation of the impact of central bank supervision on commercial bank performance requires considering both qualitative and quantitative indicators to capture the multifaceted dynamics at play.

ABSTRACT

This research project tends to evaluate the impact of supervision and
control of the Central Bank on the performance of commercial banks.
Access Bank Nig Plc Lagos Branch was used as the case study. To aid
this research both primary and secondary data were collected. The
instruments used to collect data are questionnaires and oral
interviews. The respondents comprised of male and female from the
bank and the population put together is 150 and sample size is 109.
The research design used for this work is the survey research method.
In the course of this research the researcher found out that
supervisory and control functions when conducted on a timely and
unbiased manner ensures capital adequacy, high standard of conduct,
moderation of bank charges and profitability. The researcher
recommends that bank inspections should continue to be regular and
timely enough; control measures of the CBN should not be too
stringent as to have long negative impact on banking operations.
Finally only competent, skilled and unbiased bank examiners should
be engaged in bank supervision.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research questions
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Scope of the study
1.7 Limitations of the study
1.8 Definitions of terms
Reference

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical framework of the study
2.2 Historical background
2.3 current literatures on postulated theories
References

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design
3.2 Sources of data
3.2.1 Primary sources of data
3.2.2 Secondary sources of data
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample design and determination of sample size
3.5 Method of data collection
3.5.1 Questionnaire design, distribution and collection of
responses
3.5.2 Secondary method of data collection
3.6 Method of data presentation and analysis

CHAPTER FOUR:
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation of frequency tables
4.2 Demographic characteristics
4.3 Presentation according to key research questions

CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 conclusion of the study
5.3 Recommendation
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The roles of commercial banks play in the process of economic development in
every country are crucial. They through financial intermediation increase the
levels of national savings and investments by mobilising idle funds from surplus
spending units (savers) and channel them to deficit spending units(borrowers) for
investments in the economy . (UGBAJA 1999)
By playing these roles within a particular country, the independence of global
economics created the need for global interbanking, a trend which in turn
emphasizes the need for the stability of the banks involved in intercontinental
banking transactions.
Also, banking business carries a lot of risks and banking public needs assurance
about the safety of their confidence in the banking institutions.
The need for supervision and control of commercial banks activities is to ensure
that they adhere to the stipulated monetary policies, rules and regulations as well
as accepted ethical conducts. However the major contributing factor that has led
to the failure of Nigerian banks in the past can be described as moral hazard
(adverse incentives)
Moral hazards or adverse incentives are a concept with relevance to a variety of
principal agent relationships characterized by asymmetric information. The moral
hazard concerns the adverse incentives on banks chief executives to act in ways
which are contrary to the interests of the banks creditors (mainly depositors or
the government if it explicitly or implicitly insures deposits) by undertaking risky
investment strategies (such as lending at high interests rates to high risk
borrowers) which, if successful, would ` jeopardise the solvency of the bank.
Bank owners have incentives to undertake such strategies because with limited
liability, they bear only a portion of the downside risk but stand to gain through
higher profits, a large share of the upside risk. In contrast, the depositors (or the
deposit insurers) gain little from the upside risk but bear most of the downside
risk.
The inability of depositors to adequately monitor bank directors, because of the
asymmetric information allows the latter to adopt investment strategies while
entail higher levels of risks.
Moral hazard on bank executives can be exacerbated by a number of factors
Firstly, an increase in the interest rate may lead borrowers to choose investments
with higher returns when successful but with lower probabilities of success
(Stieglitz and Weiss 1989) hence a rise in deposit rates could induce banks to
adopt more risky investment strategies. A rise in bank lending rates can have a
similar incentive effects on the banks borrowers.
Secondly, macroeconomic instability can also worsen adverse incentive if it were
to affect the variance of the profits of the bank borrowers especially when there
is a co-variance between borrower’s profits. (E.g. if a large share of borrowers are
in the same industry) or if loan port folios are not well diversified among
individual borrowers.(McKinnon 1988)
Thirdly, the expectation that the government will bail out a distressed bank may
weaken incentives on bank executives to manage their asset port folio prudently
and incentives on depositors to monitor banks and choose only banks with a
reputation of prudent management. Deposit insurance also reduces incentives for
depositors to monitor banks.
Fourthly, moral hazard is inversely related to bank capital. The owners of poorly
capitalized banks have little of their own money to loose from risky investment
strategies. By implication, financial distress in the bank itself worsens moral
hazard because, as the value of the bank’s capital falls, the incentives on its
owners to pursue strategies which might preserve its solvency are reduced
(Berger et al.1995 pp 398-99) for similar reasons intensified competition in
banking market can also encourage moral hazard by reducing the franchise value
of banks future profits.
Moral hazard becomes even more acute when the bank lends to projects
connected to its own directors or managers (insider lending). In such cases the
incentives for imprudent and fraudulent bank management are greatly increased
in that all of the profits arising from the project are internalized.(in the case of
loans unconnected borrowers the project returns are split between lender and
borrowers)whereas that part of the losses borne by depositors or task payers are
externalised. Not surprising, insider lending is a major cause of bank failure
around the world.
These ills going on in the commercial banks, as stated above make it imperative
for the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) to be on the watch at all times through their
supervisory and control functions so as to protect them from going insolvent
which usually impacts negatively on the economy in general.

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Evaluation Of The Impact Of Supervision And Control Of The Central Bank On The Performance Of Commercial Banks:

The evaluation of the impact of supervision and control of the central bank on the performance of commercial banks is a complex and multifaceted topic that involves considering various factors and perspectives. Central banks play a crucial role in overseeing and regulating the banking industry to ensure financial stability, prevent systemic risks, and protect the interests of depositors and the broader economy. Here’s an overview of how the supervision and control of the central bank can impact the performance of commercial banks:

1. Financial Stability: Central banks aim to maintain financial stability by implementing regulations and conducting regular assessments of the financial health of commercial banks. Stricter supervision can lead to better risk management practices within banks, reducing the likelihood of financial crises. This can positively impact the long-term performance of commercial banks by reducing the occurrence of severe disruptions.

2. Risk Management and Governance: Central banks often enforce regulations related to risk management, corporate governance, and capital adequacy. Effective supervision can compel banks to adopt robust risk management practices and adhere to governance standards. This can enhance the banks’ ability to manage risks and make sound investment decisions, contributing to their overall performance.

3. Prudential Regulations: Central banks impose prudential regulations, such as minimum capital requirements, liquidity ratios, and stress testing, to ensure that banks can withstand adverse economic conditions. While these regulations might initially require banks to allocate more resources to meet the standards, they ultimately promote stability and resilience, which can positively impact the banks’ performance over the long term.

4. Consumer Protection: Supervision by the central bank often includes ensuring that banks treat customers fairly and transparently. Enhanced consumer protection can improve public trust in the banking sector, leading to increased business for commercial banks and improved performance.

5. Credit Allocation and Lending Practices: Central banks might influence lending practices by setting monetary policy and interest rates. Effective control can guide banks to make responsible lending decisions, preventing excessive risk-taking and potential defaults. This can contribute to stable credit portfolios and healthier bank performance.

6. Technological Innovation and Cybersecurity: In the modern banking landscape, technology plays a significant role. Central banks’ supervision includes ensuring that banks adopt secure and innovative technological solutions while safeguarding customer data. Effective control can help banks leverage technology to improve efficiency and customer experience without compromising security.

7. Compliance with International Standards: Many central banks align their regulations with international standards (e.g., Basel Accords). This consistency enhances the global competitiveness of commercial banks and provides a framework for maintaining a strong banking sector.

8. Costs and Efficiency: While stringent supervision can enhance stability, it can also increase compliance costs for banks. Striking the right balance between supervision and operational efficiency is essential for maintaining healthy bank performance.

9. Innovation and Competition: Central banks’ control should encourage healthy competition and innovation within the banking sector. Excessive regulations can stifle innovation, while too little control might lead to risky practices. Finding the right equilibrium is crucial for sustained bank performance.

In conclusion, the impact of central bank supervision and control on the performance of commercial banks is a dynamic interplay between stability, risk management, regulatory compliance, and customer trust. When properly balanced, effective supervision can contribute to the long-term success of both individual banks and the broader financial system. However, an overly rigid regulatory environment or inadequate supervision can have negative repercussions. The optimal approach varies based on the specific economic and financial conditions of each country.